이타성에 대한 마음챙김명상의 제한적 효과: 자비명상의 차별적 효과 및 그 기제
Limited Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Altruism: Differential Effects of Lovingkindness- Compassion Meditation and the Mechanisms
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다양한 영역에서 마음챙김명상의 효과가 밝혀지고 있는 가운데, 마음챙김명상이 이타성까지 증진시킬 수 있다는 연구들이 늘어나고 있다. 한편 마음챙김명상과 구분되는 독특한 명상인 자비명상 또한 이타성과 큰 관련이 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 마음챙김명상의 이타적 효과는 다소 제한적이며, 자비명상이 이타성에 대해 더 좋은 효과를 지님을 밝히고자 하였다. 나아가 이러한 차이는 두 명상의 핵심 기제의 차이로 인해 나타난다는 것을 밝히고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 두 명상의 차이는 이타성의 범주-이타심(altruism), 이타행동(altruistic behavior), 암묵적 이타성(implicit altruism)-에 따라 달라질 것이며, 이타심보다는 이타행동과 암묵적 이타성에서 마음챙김명상의 효과가 제한되고 자비명상의 효과가 더 두드러질 것이라고 보았다. 이런 자비명상의 효과는 정서적 공감(affective empathy)을 통해, 마음챙김명상의 효과는 탈자기중심성(de-self-centeredness)을 통해 매개될 것으로 가정하였다. 이를 밝히기 위해 자비명상과 마음챙김명상을 8주 프로그램으로 구성하여 서로 효과를 비교하였고, 시간효과를 통제하기 위해 무처치 통제 집단을 추가로 구성하였다. 종속변인으로 이타심, 이타행동, 암묵적 이타성을, 매개변인으로 정서적 공감, 탈자기중심성을, 가외변인으로 스트레스를, 자비명상 프로그램과 마음챙김명상 프로그램 각각의 조작점검을 위해 자비심, 마음챙김을 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 스트레스와 암묵적 이타성에서는 집단과 측정시기의 상호작용이 유의하지 않았고 자비심과 마음챙김, 이타심, 이타행동, 정서적 공감과 탈자기중심성에서 유의하거나 유의한 경항성이 나타났다. 자비명상 프로그램에서 자비심, 마음챙김, 이타심, 이타행동, 정서적 공감, 탈자기중심성의 시간에 따른 증가가 나타났으며, 마음챙김명상 프로그램에서는 마음챙김, 탈자기중심성의 증가가 나타났다. 경로분석 결과, 자비명상은 정서적 공감과 탈자기중심성을 통해 이타심과 이타행동을 예측하였고, 정서적 공감을 통해서 암묵적 이타성을 예측하는 경향성이 있었다. 마음챙김명상은 탈자기중심성을 통해 이타심과 이타행동을 예측하였고, 암묵적 이타성은 예측하지 못하였다. 즉, 자비명상은 타인에 대한 정서적 공감을 높여주어 개인의 내면적인 이타성에도 영향을 미칠 수 있었던 반면, 마음챙김명상은 자신에 대한 집착을 줄여주어 타인을 위한 행동을 유발할 수는 있어도 개인의 내면적인 이타성까지 높일 수는 없었다. 이는 이타성 계발을 위해 인지적인 요소보다 정서적·동기적 요소가 중요하다는 선행 연구의 결과와 일치한다. 논의에서 본 연구의 제한점 및 추후 연구를 위한 제언을 다루었다.
Abstract
As the effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) are being revealed in various areas, there has been an increase in the number of studies showing that MM can even enhance altruism. On the other hand, lovingkindness-compassion meditation (LKCM), a unique meditation that is distinct from MM, can also be considered to be highly related to altruism. Several studies have compared the effects of the two types of meditation on altruism, but the results vary from study to study. Therefore, this study attempted to determine whether the altruistic effect of MM is somewhat limited, and whether LKCM has a better effect on altruism. Furthermore, we tried to clarify whether these differences appear due to the difference in the core mechanism of the two types of meditation. In order to clarify this, LKCM and MM were organized into an 8-week program to compare the effects of each other, and an untreated control group was additionally created to control for the time effect. As a result of the analysis, the interaction between the group and measurement period was not significant in stress and implicit altruism, and significant or marginally significant results were found in loving-kindness and compassion, mindfulness, altruism, altruistic behavior, affective empathy, and de-self-centeredness. In the LKCM program, there was an increase in loving-kindness and compassion, mindfulness, altruism, altruistic behavior, affective empathy, and de-self-centeredness over time. In the MM program, there was an increase in mindfulness and de-self-centeredness. As a result of path analysis, LKCM predicted altruism and altruistic behavior through affective empathy and de-self-centeredness, and had a tendency to predict implicit altruism through affective empathy. MM predicted altruism and altruistic behavior through de-self-centeredness, but it did not predict implicit altruism. In other words, LKCM could affect an individual's inner altruism by increasing affective empathy for others, whereas MM could reduce attachment to oneself and cause actions for others, but could not raise an individual's inner altruism. In the discussion, the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were addressed.
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