마음챙김명상과 자비명상이 친사회성 및 반사회성에 미치는 차별적 효과: 국내 연구의 체계적 리뷰 및 메타분석
Differential Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Loving-kindness & Compassion Meditation on Prosociality and Antisociality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Korean Studies
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초록
본 연구에서는 마음챙김명상과 자비명상이 일반 성인의 친사회성 및 반사회성에 미치는 효과를 살펴보기 위해 2022년 10월 3일까지의 국내 학술지 논문 및 학위논문 38편을 선정하여 메타분석을 실시하였다. 세 집단 연구 등을 고려했을 때 마음챙김명상 프로그램 연구는 24편이었으며, 자비명상 프로그램 연구는 19편이었다. 마음챙김명상 연구와 자비명상 연구 각각에 대해 연구의 질 평가를 수행하였으며, 친사회성 및 반사회성 각각에 대한 명상별 효과크기를 종합하였다. 조절변인으로는 출판 여부, 통제집단 유형, 준임상군 여부, 연령, 집단 성비, 총 개입시간(분), 총 개입회기(회), 총 개입기간(주)을 설정하였다. 메타분석 결과, 마음챙김명상은 반사회성 개선에 큰 효과크기를 보였지만, g = 0.876, 친사회성에 대해서는 유의한 효과크기를 보이지 않았다, g = 0.407. 반면, 자비명상은 친사회성 증진에 중간 정도의 효과크기를 보였지만, g = 0.699, 반사회성에 대해서는 유의한 효과크기를 보이지 않았다, g = 0.163. 본 연구에서는 친사회성 및 반사회성에 대한 명상 유형별 차별적 효과에 대해 논의하였다. 조절효과분석 결과, 모든 경우에서 의미 있는 조절변인을 찾을 수 없었다. 추가적으로 친사회성의 하위범주(예: 공감, 연결성, 용서, 자비심) 각각에 대한 명상 유형별 효과크기를 탐색적으로 종합하였다. 그 결과 자비명상은 친사회성의 모든 하위범주 개선에 중간 정도의 효과크기를 보였지만, gs = 0.534∼0.795, 마음챙김명상은 자비심 개선에만 작은 효과크기를 보였다 gs = -0.026∼0.473. 반사회성에 대한 마음챙김명상 연구는 출판 편향 위험이 높은 것으로 나타났지만, 나머지 경우에서는 출판 편향 위험이 높지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 논의에서는 연구 결과를 해석하고 시사점 및 한계점을 다루었다.
Abstract
In this study, in order to examine the effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) and loving-kindness & compassion meditation (LKCM) on healthy adult’s prosociality and antisociality, a meta-analysis was conducted by selecting 38 korean articles and dissertations up to October 3, 2022. Considering the three-arm design studies, 24 studies on MM and 19 studies on LKCM were selected. The quality of the study was evaluated for each of the MM study and the LKCM study, and the effect size of each meditation for prosociality and antisociality was synthesized. As moderating variables, publication status, control group type, semi-clinical group status, age, sex ratio within group, total intervention time (minutes), total intervention sessions (session), and total intervention period (weeks) were set. As a result of the meta-analysis, MM showed a large effect size in improving antisocial behavior, g = 0.876, but showed no significant effect size for prosociality, g = 0.407. In contrast, LKCM showed a moderate effect size in enhancing prosociality, g = 0.699, but showed no significant effect size for antisociality, g = 0.163. In this study, the differential effects of each type of meditation on prosociality and antisociality were discussed. As a result of the moderating effect analysis, all moderators were not significant. Additionally, the effect size of each type of meditation for each subcategory of prosociality (e.g., empathy, connectedness, forgiveness, and compassion) was synthesized. As a result, LKCM showed moderate effect sizes in enhancing all subcategories of prosociality, gs = 0.534 ∼ 0.795, but MM showed a small effect size only compassion, gs = -0.026 ∼ 0.473. Studies of MM on antisociality were found to be at high risk of publication bias, whereas the rest of the cases were not at high risk of publication bias. In the discussion, the results of the study were interpreted and implications and limitations were addressed.
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