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공무원의 이직 의도를 촉발하는 요인에 관한 연구: 자부심과 조직시민행동을 중심으로

A Study on the Factors Triggering the Turnover Intention of Civil Servants: Focusing on Pride and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

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참고문헌

키워드

주제분류행정학

초록

최근 20여 년간 보수와 진보 간의 정권 교체가 일상화되면서 정치가 정책을 좌우하는 공무원 패싱과 이에 따른 무력감이 공직사회 전반에 확산되고 있다. 공직사회가 활력을 잃어가는 가운데 공무원은 직장을 떠나고 있다. 공무원은 평생직장이라는 공식은 옛말이 되었고 공무원의 자부심 역시 과거지사다. 본 연구는 이러한 한국 공직사회의 문제적 현상을 Mitchell et al.(2001)의 직무배태성과 Organ(1988)의 조직시민행동, 그리고 Hirschman(1970)의 EVLN 이론을 통해 검토해보았다. 직무배태성은 조직 구성원이 조직에 잔류하는 이유를 설명하는 개념이지만 연구 결과 한국의 정부 조직에서는 직무배태성의 세 가지 구성요소 중 연계성(재직연수)만이 공무원의 이직 의도를 감소시키며, 적합성(자부심)과 희생(직업의 안정성)은 오히려 이직 의도를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 신분이 보장되는 직업공무원제에서는 이탈(exit)보다 무사안일과 복지부동의 태만(neglect)이 더 문제라는 점에서 시사하는 바가 있다. 공무원 패싱과 공직의 메리트 감소는 공직사회 외부에서 발생한 외생적인 쇼크로 조직 구성원 개인의 시민행동으로 통제하기에는 그 한계가 명확하다. 조직시민행동은 불안정한 변수이며 직무배태성과 이직 의도 간의 관계에서 조직시민행동의 매개효과나 조절효과는 유의미하게 성립되지 않았다. 조직의 위기 속에서 국가와 국민을 위해 봉사한다는 사명감은 우선은 충성(loyalty)과 참여(voice)를 통한 조직시민행동을 촉진할 수 있겠지만, 반복적인 정권 교체나 다수당의 횡포와 같은 위기가 구조화된다면 종국적으로는 이직 의도의 증가로 이어질 개연성이 크다. 연구 결과 조직시민행동의 수준이 높아질수록 이직 의도가 약 3배가량 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 한 가지 더 주목할 만한 것은 통제변수 중에 보수 만족이 높을수록 이직 의도가 증가했으며, 본 연구가 설계한 직무배태성 모델에서는 낮은 보수가 이직 의도를 결정하는 중요한 이유가 아니었다. 격무와 박봉에도 국가를 위하여 일한다는 사명감과 긍지는 공무원 자부심의 원천이며 국가의 정책을 만들고 집행하는 공무원의 역할은 여전히 중요하다. 공무원은 정치적 약자의 이익을 반영할 수 있는 안전판이며 전문직업주의에 기반한 공익의 수호자다. 이들의 경쟁력을 계속 키워나가고 공직사회의 활력을 회복해야 하는 이유다.

Abstract

As regime change between conservatives and progressives has become commonplace in the past 20 years, passing public officials, whose policies are influenced by politicians, and the resulting sense of helplessness are spreading throughout the officialdom. Public officials are leaving their jobs amid the loss of vitality in the officialdom. The formula that a public official is a lifelong job has become an old saying, and the pride of a public official is also a past history. This study examined this problematic phenomenon in Korean public service society through Mitchell et al.'s Job Embeddedness(2001), Organ's Organizational Citizenship Behavior(1988), and Hirschman's EVLN theory (1970). Job Embeddedness is a concept that explains why organizational members remain in the organization, but research has shown that only connectivity(number of years in office) among the three components of job placement in Korean government organizations reduces public officials' intention to change jobs. This suggests that in the vocational civil service system, where status is guaranteed, complacency and neglect of welfare irregularities are more problematic than exit. Passing public officials and reducing the merits of public offices are exogenous shocks that occurred outside the public service society, and its limitations are clear to be controlled by individual members of the organization's organization. Organizational citizenship behavior is an unstable variable, and the mediating or moderating effect of organizational citizenship behavior has not been significantly established in the relationship between job allocation and turnover intention. The sense of mission to serve the country and the people in the midst of an organizational crisis can first promote organizational citizenship through loyalty and voice, but if crises such as repeated regime change or tyranny of the majority are structured, it is likely to eventually lead to an increase in turnover intention. As a result of the study, it was found that as the level of organizational citizenship behavior increases, the intention to change jobs increases by about three times. One more thing to note is that among the control variables, the higher the remuneration satisfaction, the higher the turnover intention, and in the Job Embeddedness model designed by this study, low remuneration was not an important reason for determining the turnover intention. Despite hard work and low pay, the sense of mission and pride of working for the country are the source of public officials' pride, and the role of public officials in creating and implementing national policies is still important. Public officials are safety boards that can reflect the interests of the politically weak and are guardians of the public interest based on professional professionalism. This is why they should continue to develop their competitiveness and restore the vitality of officialdom.

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