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지방자치단체장의 선거 경쟁이 특별조정교부금 배분에 미치는 영향: 정당 간 경쟁과 후보자 간 경쟁이 갖는 차이를 중심으로

The Effect of Electoral Competition on Special Fiscal Equalization Grant : Focusing on the Difference between Party Competitions and Candidate Competitions

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주제분류행정학

초록

선거 경쟁과 분배정치의 관계는 부동층이 많은 지역에 더 많은 자원을 투입할 것으로 예측하는 부동층 가설과 자신을 지지하는 세력이 확고하게 자리 잡은 지역에 더 많은 자원을 투입할 것으로 예측하는 파르티잔 가설로 주로 설명이 되나, 연구들마다 결론은 다르게 도출된다. 본 연구는 지역의 특성에 따라 선거 경쟁의 의미 자체가 달라질 것으로 보고, 지방자치단체장 선거에서 정당 간의 경쟁이 실질적으로 발생했는지 여부 및 당선자와 차점자의 정치적 성향에 주목하였다. 분석 결과, 광역단체장 선거 경쟁이 실질적으로 이루어진 지역에서는 득표율 격차와 특별조정교부금 간 ‘∩’형 관계(어렵게 이겼거나 아깝게 진 기초단체에 특별조정교부금을 더 교부함)가 나타나서 부동층 가설이 지지되었으나, 기초단체장 선거에서의 1위와 2위의 정치적 기반이 동일한 지역에서는 기초/광역단체장 선거 공히 득표율 격차와 특별조정교부금 간 (+)의 관계(쉽게 이겼을수록 조정교부금이 더 교부됨)가 나타나서 파르티잔 가설이 지지되었다. 이는 정당 간 경쟁이 실질적으로 일어난 지역과 후보자 간 경쟁이 일어난 지역 간에는 선거 경쟁에 따른 분배정치의 양상 자체가 다를 수 있음을 보여주는 것으로, 유효후보자 수로 선거 경쟁을 분석한 결과에서도 동 결과는 지지되었다.

Abstract

The relationship between electoral competition and distributive politics can be mainly explained by Swing Voter Hypothesis(more resources to the battleground) and Partisan Hypothesis(more resources to her/his political homeground). This study focuses on the different political characteristics among autonomies, to approach two hypotheses from a new angle. Using gubernatorial・mayoral election data, Swing Voter Hypothesis was supported in autonomies(more special grants in battlegrounds) where the competition was substantial(vote margin smaller than 20%p) between different parties. However, Partisan Hypothesis was supported in autonomies(more special grants in autonomies where more support was shown) where winner and runner-up in the mayoral election belonged to the same political background(A candidate: got party nomination, B candidate: defected from that party and run for office without being registered to that party). This study finds out that influences of electoral competition could be diverse even in a same election, owing to different conditions of competitions(party competitions which could be regarded as a normal feature of electoral competition, candidate competitions) among autonomies. Thus, this may alter politicians’ point of view to the closeness of elections, bringing different behaviors to politicians in the domain of distributive politics.

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