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郑《笺》兴意的探讨

A Study on the Xing-Significations of the Shijing Annotations called Zian by Zhengxuan

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本文主要论述郑《笺》阐发的兴意时如何赋予经典意义。我们把《笺》阐释兴意的88篇内容归纳为6类,分别为君臣关系、君民关系、人君形象、君与宗族关系、男女关系、兄弟•朋友关系等。当然,郑玄作《笺》的时候并没有有意对这些人际关系内容进行阐发兴意,但整体的内容里面几乎包括各种人际关系的重要环节的行为模式,尤其对围绕人君形象的阐发更为突出。《诗》含有了这些内容之后,让后来读者从中吸取涵养人际关系行为模式的各种典型范例,并使《诗》成为君主贵族子弟们培养治国之术的重要教科书之一。从这意义上,我们可以说郑《笺》深化了《诗》的经典意义,并提高了其经典的价值和地位,而在中国历史上为维持《诗》的经典地位,在思维模式上打下了坚实的基础。我们还可以提到的一点是分析《笺》的兴意内容的时候,附带地感觉到其思维方式的定型化。《传》对兴句阐发兴意时,一般就诗意的本事作解释,直接而简略;《笺》则从兴句的景象中,抓住一个特有物象,并对兴物如动物•植物•山川等的属性展开阐释,以喻人事有关的意象,而阐发诗意有关的兴意。《笺》的这种较为复杂的兴意思维模式,应该反映着汉代流行的谶纬灾异思想里面所常见的联系客观事物与人事的思维方式。然而《笺》虽映射出谶纬灾异思想的思路,其诗意则要归到儒家古学的诗意,就是毛诗的诗意。

Abstract

This paper discusses how the Xing-significations of the Shijing annotations by Zhengxuan give the Shijing canonical meaning. It classified eighty-eight poems of the Xing-significations of the Shijingannotations into six groups: the relationship of sovereign and subject, therelationship of sovereign and people, sovereign image, therelationship of sovereign and royal family, the relationshipof man and woman, and the relationship between siblings orfriends. Of course, when Zhengxuan made footnotes, he did not intentionally correlate the Xing-significations to these relationships. However, the contents of the Xing-significations include almost every kind of behavior rule in relatively important humanrelations; furthermore, the diverse sovereign images are interpreted which come into view. The Shijing, having these interpretations, becomes an important book in which readers learn behavior rules of human relations for the ages to come, and children of kingsand nobles learn crucial ruling skills. In this sense, we can say that the Zian’s interpretations have intensified the canonical meaning of the Shijing and made the Shijing maintain canonical standing throughout history.

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