古代 韓國語 存在用言의 活用 樣相과 意味 - 釋讀口訣 資料를 中心으로 -

Abstract

Substantive Verbs meaning “be” in the Old Korean Seoktokgugyeol(釋讀口訣) are shown as the marked forms of ‘有/is-’ and ‘有/tu-’. Among them, ‘有/tu-’ is not only used as transitive verb, but also as intransitive verb. And the antonym of these verbs was marked as ‘無-, 莫-, 靡-’. These marked forms transcribed the old Korean substantive verb ‘eops-’(“not be”). ‘有-’ in Seoktokgugyeol materials is certainly seen the marked form of another old Korean substantive verb ‘kyeo-’ based on the examples in other loan-character writing materials and diachronic continuity of this verb. Having undergone grammaticalization, the ‘kyeo-’ was used as the verb ‘kyeo-’, the auxiliary verb ‘kyeo-’, and prefinal ending ‘-kyeo-’ in Seoktokgugyeol that can be seen the forms of each stage of grammaticalization. ‘有/is-’ and ‘有/kyeo-’ were used as adjective in there conjugation, whereas ‘有/tu-’ showed verbal conjugation. However, the conjugational form of ‘有/is-’ that was combined with the prefinal ending ‘-si-’ was not found in Seoktokgugyeol materials. While ‘無/eops-’ showed adjective conjugation, it could be used as an imperative form, ‘無/eopnʌsyeo’ in case of emphasizing the intention of subject. All of Substantive verbs in Seoktokgugyeol(‘有/is-’, ‘有/kyeo-’, ‘有/tu-’, ‘無/eops-’) formed typical substantive construction. So in the sentence structure of ‘NP1-e/ege[dative] NP2-ga[subjective] iss-’, this construction can be interpreted as the existence construction when NP1 is the inanimate noun, but when NP1 is the animate noun, it can be interpreted as the possession construction. Meanwhile, ‘有/kyeo-’ which was mainly used in the subjunctive context showed more adjective trait, comparing adjective than ‘有/is-’.