본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

창의성의 측정방법에 따른 창의성과 지능의 관계

The Relationship of the Creativity and Intelligence According to the Creativity Measuring Methods

0

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

이 연구의 목적은 창의성 측정방법에 따라 창의성에 대한 지능의 영향이 다르게 나타나는지 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 서울·경기 지역의 3개교 대학생 225명을 대상으로 Gf, Gc, 그리고 Glr 검사와 확산적 사고 검사를 실시하였다. 창의성 측정방법에 따른 창의성과 지능의 관계를 확인하기 위하여, 확산적 사고 검사의 고전적 측정방법(유창성, 융통성, 독창성)과 확산적 사고 검사 수행 후 피험자들이 선택한 가장 창의적인 반응 2개를 전문가 3인이 사정한 Top 2 측정방법으로 창의성 점수를 산출하였다. 분석 결과, 확산적 사고 검사의 고전적 측정방법은 창의성 점수에 Glr(β=.311, p<.01)의 영향이 유의하게 나타난 반면에, Top 2 방법은 Gc(β=.388, p<.001)의 영향이 유의하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 제한 시간 안에 생성된 반응 수의 총합과 각 반응의 출현 빈도로 창의성을 측정하는 고전적인 측정방법은 저장된 기억을 빠르게 인출하는 능력인 Glr을 요구하는 반면, 저장된 지식을 탐색하는 확산적 사고와 창의적인 아이디어를 선택하는 평가적 사고를 모두 반영하는 Top 2 측정방법은 저장된 기억을 인출하는 Glr 이상의 Gc 능력을 요구함을 보여주는 것이다. 이 연구는 창의성과 지능의 관계가 창의성 측정방법에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 경험적으로 규명하였다는 점에 그 의의가 있다.

Abstract

This study aims to prove that the effects of the intelligence on the creativity may vary depending on the creativity measuring method. The subjects of this study were 225 university students(81 males and 144 females) from three different universities. 10 intelligence tests(Gf, Gc, and Glr) to measure and 2 divergent thinking tests were conducted. As for the creativity measuring method, Top 2 scoring method was used that 3 experts examined 2 responses which showed the most creative responses selected by examinee, after conducting the classical divergent thinking measuring method(fluency, flexibility, and originality) and the divergent thinking test. The result of structure regression model analysis, the uses of the classical measured value was effected by Glr(β=.311, p<.01) significantly, and Gc(β=.388, p<.001) effected on the uses of Top 2 measured value as well. This result proves that subfactor of the intelligence could be differ to the creative measuring methods empirically. Relating to the creativity measuring method, the classical measuring method of the divergent thinking test is to measure the creativity by the sum of responses in the limited time and the frequency of each response, and it showed the significance of effect of Glr. On the contrary, the Top 2 measuring method of the divergent thinking test reflected both of the divergent thinking and the evaluate thinking, therefore, it appeared that Gc was required to output restored memory above Glr.

참고문헌 (82)

  1. 강연옥, "통제 단어 연상 검사(Controlled Oral Word Association Test)의 노인규준 연구", 한국심리학회지 : 임상, 19(2), pp.385~392 (2000)
  2. 문수백, "구조방정식 모델링의 이해와적용" (2009), 학지사
  3. 서민규, "비판적 사고와 창의적 문제해결", 교양교육연구, 6(3), pp.221~247 (2012), 한국교양교육학회
  4. 신예덕, "특성복합체 구인과 학업성취 관련 모형에 대한 타당화 연구", 박사, 상담·교육심리, pp.2005
  5. 임선하, "창의성에의 초대" (1993), 교보문고
  6. 황정규, "인간의 지능" (2010), 학지사
  7. Bare, J., "Creativity and divergent thinking: A task-specific approach" (1993), Erlbaum
  8. Basadur, M., "Understanding how creative and thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors work together : A casual process model", The Journal of Creative Behavior, 34(2), pp.77~100 (2000)
  9. Batey, M., "Intelligence and personality as predictors of divergent thinking : The role of general, fluid and crystallised intelligence", Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4(1), pp.60~69 (2009)
  10. Batey, M., "Individual Differences in Ideational Behavior: Can the Big Five and Psychometric Intelligence Predict Creativity Scores?", Creativity Research Journal, 22(1), pp.90~97 (2010)
  11. Batey, M., "Intelligence, general knowledge and personality as predictors of creativity", Learning and Individual Differences, 20(5), pp.532~535 (2010)
  12. Beaty, R. E., "Why do ideas get more creative across time? An executive interpretation of the serial order effect in divergent thinking tasks", Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(4), pp.309~319 (2012)
  13. Benedek, M., "Differential effects of cognitive inhibition and intelligence on creativity", Personality and Individual Differences, 53(4), pp.480~485 (2012)
  14. Brown, R. T., "Handbook of creativity", pp.3~32 (1989), Plenum
  15. Carroll, J. B., "Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies" (1993), Cambridge University Press
  16. Chand, I., "Problem-finding skills as components of the creative process", Personality and Individual Difference, 14(1), pp.155~162 (1993)
  17. Cho, S. H., "The relationship between diverse components of intelligence and creativity", Journal of Creative Behavior, 44(2), pp.125~137 (2010)
  18. Christensen, P. R., "Alternate uses" (1960), Sheridan Psychological Service
  19. Crawford, C. B., "Fluid and crystallized intelligence, creativity, and achievement in elementary school children", Journal of Behavioral Science, 2(2), pp.43~48 (1974)
  20. Crawford, C. B., "A multivariate study of measures of creativity, achievement, motivation, and intelligence in secondary school students", Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 8(2), pp.189~201 (1976)
  21. Cropley, A. J., "Effects of personality and threat of evaluation on divergent and convergent thinking", Developmental Psychology, 6(4), pp.119~124 (1972)
  22. Feist, G. J., "Predicting creativity from early to late adulthood : Intellect, potential, and personality", Journal of Research in Personality, 37(2), pp.62~88 (2003)
  23. Finke, R. A., "Creative imagery: Discoveries as inventions in visualization" (1990), Lawrence Erlbaum
  24. Finke, R. A., "Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications" (1992), MIT Press
  25. Frey, M. C., "Scholastic assessment or g? : The relationship between the scholastic assessment test and general cognitive ability", Psychological Science, 15(6), pp.373~378 (2004)
  26. Funke, J., "Dynamic systems as tools for analysing human judgement", Thinking and Reasoning, 7(1), pp.69~89 (2001)
  27. Furnham, A. F., "Personality, intelligence and general knowledge", Learning and Individual Differences, 16(1), pp.79~90 (2006)
  28. Getzels, J. W., "Creativity and intelligence: Explorations with gifted students" (1962), John Wiley. Gil
  29. hooly, K. J., "Divergent thinking : Strategies and executive involvement in generating novel uses for familiar objects", British Journal of Psychology, 98(4), pp.611~625 (2007)
  30. Greengross, G., "Personality traits, intelligence, humor styles, and humor production ability of professional stand-up comedians compared to college students", Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(1), pp.74~82 (2012)
  31. Groborz, M., "Creativity and cognitive control: Explorations of generation and evaluation skills", Creativity Research Journal, 15(2&3), pp.183~197 (2003)
  32. Grohman, M., "Divergent thinking and evaluation skills: Do they always go together?", The Journal of Creative Behavior, 40(2), pp.125~145 (2006)
  33. Guilford, J. P., "Creativity", American Psychologist, 5, pp.444~454 (1950)
  34. Guilford, J. P., "The Nature of human intelligence" (1967), McGraw-Hill
  35. Haensly, P. A., "Handbook of creativity", pp.11~132 (1989), Plenum Press
  36. Harrington, D. M., "Effects of explicit instructions to"be creative"on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores", Journal of Personality, 43(3), pp.434~454 (1975)
  37. Hocevar, D., "Ideational fluency as a confounding factor in the measurement of originality", Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), pp.191~196 (1979)
  38. Hocevar, D., "Intelligence, divergent thinking and creativity", Intelligence, 4(1), pp.25~40 (1980)
  39. Horn, J. L., "Handbook of multivariate psychology", pp.645~685 (1988), Academic Press
  40. Horn, J. L., "Intelligence: Measurement, theory, and public policy", pp.151~180 (1989), University of Illinois Press
  41. Hundal, P. S., "Overlapping components of psychometric and projective indices of creativity and those of crystallized and fluid intelligence", Personality Study and Group Behavior, 2(1), pp.28~35 (1982)
  42. Isaksen, S. G., "Creative Problem solving: An Introduction" (2000), Prufrock Press
  43. Jauk, E., "The road to creative achievement : A latent variable model of ability and personality predictors", European Journal of Personality, 28(1), pp.95~105 (2014)
  44. Kaufman, J. C., "Finding Creative Potential on Intelligence Tests via Divergent Production", Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26(2), pp.83~106 (2011)
  45. Keith, T. Z., "High order, multisample, confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scled for Childrenfourth edition: What does it measure?", School Psychology Review, 35(1), pp.108~127 (2006)
  46. Kim, K. H., "Can only intelligent people be creative? A meta-analysis", Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16(2&3), pp.57~66 (2005)
  47. Kluge, A., "Performance assessments with microworlds and their difficulty", Applied Psychological Measurement, 32(2), pp.156~180 (2008)
  48. Kröner, S., "Intelligence assessment with computer simulations", Intelligence, 33(4), pp.347~368 (2005)
  49. Lubart, T. I., "Thinking and problem solving", pp.289~332 (1994), Academic Press
  50. MacKinnon, D. W., "Creativity", pp.19~32 (1970), North-Holland Publishing
  51. McGrew, K. S., "Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues", pp.136~181 (2005), Guilford Press
  52. McGrew, K. S., "CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project : Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research", Intelligence, 37(1), pp.1~10 (2009)
  53. Mumford, M. D., "Something old, something new: Revisiting Guilford's conception of creative problem solving", Creativity Research Journal, 13(3&4), pp.267~276 (2001)
  54. Mumford, M. D., "Where have we been, Where are we going?: Taking stock in creativity research", Creativity Research Journal, 15(2&3), pp.107~120 (2003)
  55. Mumford, M. D., "An occupational information system for the 21st century: The development of O*NET", pp.49~70 (1999), American Psychological association
  56. Nusbaum, E. C., "Are intelligence and creativity really so different? : Fluid intelligence, executive processes, and strategy use in divergent thinking", Intelligence, 39(1), pp.36~45 (2011)
  57. Phelps, L., "The general(g), broad, and narrow CHC stratum characteristics of the WJ III and WISC-III tests : A confirmatory crossbattery investigation", School Psychology Quarterly, 20(1), pp.66~88 (2005)
  58. Preckel, F., "Relationship of intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted students : An investigation of threshold theory", Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), pp.159~170 (2006)
  59. Preckel, F., "The interrelationship between speeded and unspeeded divergent thinking and reasoning, and the role of mental speed", Intelligence, 39(5), pp.378~388 (2011)
  60. Raven, J. C., "Advanced Progressive Matrices, Set II" (1962), H. K. Lewis
  61. Runco, M. A., "The evaluative, valuative, and divergent thinking in children", The Journal of Creative Behavior, 25(4), pp.311~319 (1991)
  62. Runco, M. A., "Divergent thinking, creativity and giftedness", Gifted child Quarterly, 37(1), pp.16~22 (1993)
  63. Runco, M. A., "Critical creative processes", pp.69~94 (2003), Hampton Press
  64. Runco, M. A., "Creativity" (2007), Elsevier
  65. Runco, M. A., "Creativity, originality, and appropriateness: What do explicit instructions tell us about their relationship?", Journal of Creative Behavior, 39(2), pp.137~148 (2005)
  66. Silvia, P. J., "Another look at creativity and intelligence : Exploring higher-order models and probable confounds", Personality and Individual Difference, 44(4), pp.1012~1021 (2008)
  67. Silvia, P. J., "Creativity and Intelligence Revisited: A Latent Variable Analysis of Wallach and Kogan (1965)", Creativity Research Journal, 20(1), pp.34~39 (2008)
  68. Silvia, P. J., "Verbal fluency and creativity : General and specific contributions of broad retrieval ability(Gr)factors to divergent thinking", Intelligence, 41(5), pp.328~340 (2013)
  69. Silvia, P. J., "A dimensional analysis of creativity and mental illness: Do anxiety and depression symptoms predict creative cognition, creative accomplishments, and creative self-concepts?", Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), pp.2~10 (2010)
  70. Silvia, P. J., "A snapshot of creativity : Evaluating a quick and simple method for assessing divergent thinking", Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4(2), pp.79~85 (2009)
  71. Silvia, P. J., "Why are smart people curious? Fluid intelligence, openness to experience, and interest", Learning and Individual Differences, 20(3), pp.242~245 (2010)
  72. Silvia, P. J., "Assessing Creativity With Divergent Thinking Tasks: Exploring the Reliability and Validity of New Subjective Scoring Methods", Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), pp.68~85 (2008)
  73. Simonton, D. K., "Scientific genius: A psychology of science" (1988), Cambridge University Press
  74. Sligh, A. C., "Relation of creativity to fluid and crystallized intelligence", Journal of Creative Behavior, 39(2), pp.123~136 (2005)
  75. Snyderman, S., "Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing", American Psychologist, 42(2), pp.137~144 (1987)
  76. Sternberg, R. J., "지혜, 지능, 그리고 창의성의 종합" (2004), Σ시그마프레스
  77. Torrance, E. P., "Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Norms-technical manual, verbal forms A and B" (2008), Scholastic Testing Service
  78. Unsworth, N., "Variation in verbal fluency : A latent variable analysis of clustering, switching, and overall performance", Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(3), pp.447~466 (2011)
  79. Wallach, M. A., "Modes of thinking in young children: A study of the creativity-intelligence distinction" (1965), Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
  80. Weisberg, R. W., "Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius" (1993), Freeman
  81. Weisberg, R. W., "창의성: 문제해결, 과학, 발명, 예술에서의 혁신" (2009), Σ시그마프레스
  82. Wilson, R. C., "The measurement of individual differences in originality", Psychological Bulletin, 50(5), pp.362~370 (1953)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)