19세기 후반 仁川 島嶼지역의 주민 구성－1867년도 ‘永宗鎭戶籍大帳’의 사례 분석－

Abstract

In the latter half period of the Joseon dynasty, naval forces defense posts(水軍鎭) were established in islands deemed to be of strategic importance in military terms. Especially the islands in the West sea in the vicinity of the Gyeonggi-do province, which were located upon the path directly leading to the capital city, were considered all the more important, so many naval defense posts were placed there. Establishment of such military installations considerably changed those islands' inner conditions. The biggest change was a significant increase in the islands' population, which was a result of forcing the inland residents to relocate to the islands and cultivate the lands there. Jayeon-do[도(島)](Yeongjong-do) and Sammok-do, Yongryu-do, all islands sitting in the sea in front of Incheon, were islands that went through the aforementioned changes in the most noticeable fashion. In 1653, the Yeongjong-po[포(浦)] Naval force Manho-jin[진(鎭)] post(水軍萬戶鎭), which was originally located in the Namyang area, was moved to Taepyeong-am(east of the Jayeon-do island) to be reestablished as a new post 'Yeongjong-jin’. After this transferring of a naval post, the population, and not to mention the area of cultivatable land, considerably increased in the entire 'Yeongjong' region, which included Yeongjong-do․Sammok-do․Yongryu-do, etc. In this article, the living fashion of the residents who lived in this 'Yeongjong' region is examined through the ‘Yeongjong-jin Census register’, created in 1867. And the results of such examination are as follow: First, in 1867, 908 households(戶) and 2,781 people were living inside the 'Yeongjong' region, composed of 1,552 males and 1,229 females(323 more males). Yeongjong-do showed the highest population(1,976), then Yongryu-do(637) and Sammok-do(168) followed. Yet, this statistics did not include most of the female infants such as daughters and granddaughters, so the difference between the number of males and females would not have been that much. Second, the age of 908 household heads(戶首: similar to today's '世帶主/Saedae-ju') showed 29% in their 40s, 22% in their 30s, 16% in their 50s, 15% in their 60s, 10% in their 20s, 0.9% as teenagers, and 0.8% in their 80s. Third, their last names and regions of origin(姓貫: 'Seong-Gwan') of the household heads also varied. Gimhae Kim House(金海金氏) occupied 15% of the group, then Jeonju Lee House(全州李氏) occupied 8%, Gyeongju Kim House(慶州金氏) 7.7%, Gyeongju Jeong House(慶州鄭氏) 5%, Indong Jang House(仁同張氏) 4.8%, and Yeonggwang Jang House(靈光張氏) 4%. The 'Seong-Gwan' of the household heads' wives also showed a variety of houses in a similar order: Gimhae Kim House 13%, Jeonju Lee House 8%, Gyeongju Kim House 7.6%, Yeonggwang Jang House 5%, Jinju Gang House(晉州姜氏) 4.4%, etc. From this, we can see that the residents of the 'Yeongjong/永宗’ region had a strong tendency of arranging marriages between houses inside the region. Fourth, the most ordinary occupation of the household heads was Hanryang(閑良: 36%). Following that, 18% of the households served as military officers(軍官), 5% of them served as special unit soldiers(別隊軍), 4% of them served as Seonryak generals(宣略將軍), and 2% of them served as Jeolchung generals(折衝將軍). Reflecting the reality of a region where a naval force defense post was established, many of the residents were serving in armed forces and military functions(武業‧軍職). Most of the features mentioned above are ordinary ones that have been normally exhibited by island residents, but some of them mirror the specific reality that the 'Yeongjong' region residents were facing. And considering the fact that, with the exception of the Jeju island, a census register for an island area had never been before discovered, this article could hopefully contribute to the task of recreating the living fashions of island residents who lived in the pre-modern era.