미국 하와이대학 도서관 소장 准戶口 寫本을 통해 본 18세기 초 경상도 晉州牧 거주 晉州 河氏 일가의 가족 구성 및 소유 노비 양태－해외 소재 ‘동아시아한국학’ 자료의 조사 및 분석(2)－

Abstract

This paper bibliographically reviewed the data of the “Extract of Family Registers, Ha Do-Hyeong, Jinju, 1702” (1702년 晉州 河道亨 准戶口)” contained in the Hojeokbusa (戶籍簿寫) which is in the possession of the Library at the University of Hawaii. In addition, the aspects of the owner's family composition and owned servants were analyzed. The contents and characteristics confirmed through this are summarized as follows. This data was a transcription of family register data collected by he Japanese Government-General in Korea to investigate the old system and customs of Korea. However, it was confirmed through comparison with the original data that there were many errors in the process of transcribing the original data. The Ha Do-hyeong family was a prestigious military official in the Jinju area. The family composition described in the data showed a large family consisting of a married head of household (戶首), son couples, and another unmarried sons. In particular, it was confirmed that these families had set up residences in several places in the Jinju area, and that these family members were frequently moving between residences. There were a total of 153 servants identified in the data, Among them, live-in servants (率奴婢) accounted for about 30.7%, live-out servants (外居奴婢) about 36.6%, and runaway servants (逃亡奴婢) about 32.7%. Males accounted for about 41.2% and females about 58.8%. It was found that there were about 20% more female servants (婢) than male servants (奴). The live-out servants lived in a total of ten areas: six towns in Gyeongsang-do Province and four towns in Jeolla-do Province respectively. However, 55.4% of them lived in Gyeongsang-do Province and 44.6% in Jeolla-do Province. The region where the largest number of servants lived was Suncheon (順天), Jeolla-do Province, where about 21.4% of the total live-out servants living alone lived. In addition, many also resided in Jinju (晉州), Gyeongsang-do Province (19.6%) and Gangjin (康津), Jeolla-do Province (17.9%). However, it was noted that the residences of the live-out servants were mainly located in the seaside villages and that there were many live-out servants who lived in the Jinju village where the owner lived. The data shows that the average age of the all servants was about 47.4 years old. It was 44.7 years old for male servants and 49.3 years old for female servants. It was 30.9 years old for live-in servants, 36.8 years old for live-out servants, and 74.8 years old for runaway servants. Regarding the age distribution, 25.5% were in their 20s, 15.0% were in their 40s, 11.1% were in their 30s, 10.5% were each in their 10s and 50s, 7.2% were in their 90s, 6.5% were in their 60s, 4.6% were each in their 70s, 80s, and 100 years of age or older. In particular, many servants in their late 90s and older appeared, and it is believed that most of them were runaway servants and had already died. The reason why the ages of the runaway servants who were obviously dead were estimated and recorded continuously was because of the owner's intention and obsession to prove the ownership of the child born to the runaway servants. Finally, about 66.7% of the servants were in familial relations. Live-in servants were analyzed as about 68.1%, live-out servants as about 78.6%, and runaway servants as about 52.0%. Therefore, live-out servants's familial relations was found to be the highest. As a result, in the case of the Ha Do-hyeong family who lived in Jinju from the end of the 17th century to the early of the 18th century, it can be said that the hereditary succession of servants accounted for an absolute portion of the increase in the number of owned servants.