조선 후기 忠淸 懷德縣 宋村里 지역의 私奴婢 존재 양상－恩津宋氏 同春堂 後孫家 호적자료를 중심으로－

Abstract

Family register was used to understand population, secure taxation, and control the residents in Joseon period. Thus, the family register, as the basic reference, was managed through the systematic form and procedure. This paper examines the number, the present condition, and the existence of private slave from 46 out of 53 family registers of Dongchundang descendant of Eunjin Song’s clan in the 17th~19th centuries. The most crucial feature of this reference is that it had continuously passed down for approximately 200 years and it introduced the existence of private slave of Chungcheong area, which was insufficiently researched compared to the other areas. This reference of family register had written in Chungcheong, Heoduk- hyun, Naenam-myun, Songchon-li. This area was the village where the Dongchundang descendants of Song, Jun-Gil(1606~1672) resided. Around the 17th century, the Confucian scholar, Jun-Gil Song and his clan(Eunjin Song family) controlled this area’s Hyanggwon for long time. Based on this fact, the Sajoks of Eunjin Song family notably had more private slaves than the other clans. In the late 18th century, the Song family had almost 200 private slaves and it was the time when they had the highest number of slaves except runaway slaves, but the number remarkably decreased from the end of 19th century. Compared to the general aspect that the number of private slaves, who were subordinated in family of ruling class, declined in the late 17th century to early 18th century, the decline of private slaves of Eunjin Song’s clan was slightly late. Moreover, the reference indicated that the out-resident slaves were lived in the capital city(京) in the early-middle 18th century. After that, the residential district of most out-resident slaves were Chungcheong-do. However, their residential districts were distributed to Jeonlla-do, capital area, and Gyeongsang-do from the late 18th century. For the runaway slaves, they were frequently recorded twice in each family registers which were written in every 3 years. The reference indicated that the number of runaway slaves were rapidly decreased or increased in the late 18th century and the early 19th century. This fact reflects the case of slaves who really escaped but its main intention was to adjust the Juho(主戶)’s property. The Juho of this family register was mostly the oldest son, and Juho’s position and most private slaves were generally succeeded to legitimate child(嫡子). However, if the legitimate son and grandson were not able to inherit the position of Juho and the private slaves due to their early death, then it could rarely be succeeded to the teenage great-grandson. The age range of private slaves of the Dongchundang descendants were largely distributed from under 10 to over 90 years old. The highest age range was 10~40 years old, and people with this age were able to work actively and have child. The survival of people over 80 years old were uncertain in reality, so it assumes that it was formally written and there is high chance that they were mostly the runaway slaves. It seems that it was recorded in order for the investigation of slave(推刷) or for the lawsuit related to slaves in the future. The household formation of this reference was mostly organized with parent-children slaves, but there were some slaves who were born in between commoner class and slave. Most of this cases, the masters intended to increase their property by marrying off their slaves and the master strictly managed this procedure. Moreover, there were some cases where one female slave had children from two different male slaves. For those of slaves, even though they were half brothers and sisters, they still were recorded as in order to emphasized that they are related by blood.