唐代 鴻臚寺의 外交機能을 통해 본 高句麗의 國際性 檢討

Abstract

The diplomacy of the Tang Dynasty reached the prime of ancient Chinese diplomacy. The increase of its diplomatic activities led to more foreign affairs, which were organized and developed by its diplomatic office, the Hong Ryeo Department(鴻臚). The scope of diplomatic affairs in the Hong Ryeo Department of the Tang Dynasty was so extensive and detailed that it organized and hosted polo sports games from Persia. It served a series of diplomatic functions that the current Foreign Ministry officials in charge of foreign envoys have, including the protocol for the reception and escorting of foreign envoys, distinguishing country-specific ranks of the arriving foreign envoys, receiving and delivering diplomatic documents submitted by the foreign envoys, manners at an imperial reception, receiving of tribute, hosting a banquet, managing guest house and food, treating diseases among foreign envoys, funeral rituals, arranging and supervising activities for the foreign envoys, interpreting and translating, and acquiring foreign information. Historical materials regarding the Hong Ryeo Department of the Tang Dynasty confirm that the diplomatic functions of the Hong Ryeo Department were equally applied to its neighboring countries such as Koguryo(高句麗), Baekje(百濟), Silla(新羅), Wa(倭國), Japan(日本), Balhae(渤海), Tibet(吐蕃), Kyrgyzstan(坚昆), Turkic(突厥), and Uighur(回紇). In particular, it should be noted that the diplomatic relations between the Tang Dynasty and its neighbors progressed on a reciprocal and equal footing. However, some recent Chinese studies have not interpreted Koguryo as an independent country. In this paper, I present some diplomacy and protocol examples of the Hong Ryeo Department that were implemented in its neighboring countries. Subsequently, I emphasize on their implementation in Koguryo during the Han-Tang period, just as they were implemented in other neighboring countries. In the process, I discovered that Koguryeo also had a government official equivalent to the Hong Ryeo Department of the Tang Dynasty, called Balgochuga(拔古鄒加), which was in charge of the diplomatic affairs regarding the Tang envoys. I also learned about the existence of a special guest house for the diplomatic envoys of Koguryeo and of an ancient interpreter named Tongsha(通事), who interpreted in diplomatic scenes between Koguryeo and the Tang Dynasty. Furthermore, I found a case that demonstrates that the Tang Dynasty had a special respect for Koguryeo compared to other countries. These examples will serve as a useful basis for reaffirming the internationality of the relationship between Koguryeo and the Tang Dynasty.