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China’s Foreign Aid Policy Transformation: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective

Wu, Yue
성균중국연구원 (Sungkyun Institute of China Studies)|2022.02|중국사회과학논총 (중국어: 中国社会科学论丛 영문: The Korean Journal of Chinese Social Sciences)|제4권 제1호|pp. 107-149|DOI 10.23192/kjcss.2022.4.1.005

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키워드

시진핑Neoclassical realismXi JinpingChinese foreign aidHu JintaoChinese diplomacy중국 대외원조후진타오신고전 현실주의중국 외교

초록

Since President Xi took office, Chinahas adopted a proactive approach to foreign policy, and its foreign aid policy has become ambitious. However, the existing literature has neither examined the changes in China’s foreign aid policy nor proposed a theory-based analytic framework. Usingthe neoclassical realism, this articleconsiders the changes in China’s foreign aid policy from President Hu to President Xi and explores the challenges to the current Chinese aid policies. The article argues that although China’s rise constitutes a systemic factor in global politics, making China more confident and capable ofoffering foreign aid, the leader’s perceptionsdirectly determine China’s foreign aid policy. Therefore, the differences in Hu’s and Xi’s subjective perceptions of China’s relative power positionexplain the shifts in China’s foreign aid policy. Xi has redefined China’s national identity and interests, establishing an ambitious vision and strategy, and has emphasized institutional reforms. This has resulted in China’s foreign aid policy emphasizing justice, elevating the status of foreign aid in China’s diplomacy and changing the Chinese foreign aid management system. Nevertheless, President Xi’s aid blueprint faces several challenges. China needs to avoid its foreign aid efforts being offset by its other diplomatic actions, improve its aid management system, and pay attention to the low public support for foreign aid.

Abstract

Since President Xi took office, Chinahas adopted a proactive approach to foreign policy, and its foreign aid policy has become ambitious. However, the existing literature has neither examined the changes in China’s foreign aid policy nor proposed a theory-based analytic framework. Usingthe neoclassical realism, this articleconsiders the changes in China’s foreign aid policy from President Hu to President Xi and explores the challenges to the current Chinese aid policies. The article argues that although China’s rise constitutes a systemic factor in global politics, making China more confident and capable ofoffering foreign aid, the leader’s perceptionsdirectly determine China’s foreign aid policy. Therefore, the differences in Hu’s and Xi’s subjective perceptions of China’s relative power positionexplain the shifts in China’s foreign aid policy. Xi has redefined China’s national identity and interests, establishing an ambitious vision and strategy, and has emphasized institutional reforms. This has resulted in China’s foreign aid policy emphasizing justice, elevating the status of foreign aid in China’s diplomacy and changing the Chinese foreign aid management system. Nevertheless, President Xi’s aid blueprint faces several challenges. China needs to avoid its foreign aid efforts being offset by its other diplomatic actions, improve its aid management system, and pay attention to the low public support for foreign aid.

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