Cognate Facilitation and Interference in Trilingual Lexical Processing: Modulation by Proficiency
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초록
This study investigates the dynamics of cognate processing in unbalanced Chinese–English–Korean trilinguals using a lexical decision task. Building on existing bilingual research, the experiment tested whether cognate facilitation reported in same script trilinguals would extend to different script language combinations. Participants performed a Korean (L3) lexical decision task, where it varies in cognate status: pure Korean words, Chinese–Korean double cognates, and Chinese–English–Korean triple cognates. The response latencies were modulated by the interaction of word type with Korean proficiency; facilitation emerged for Double cognates among higher-proficiency group, while low-proficiency group showed slower responses for the same items, indicating the cognate facilitation effects for Double cognates with unbalanced trilinguals of different-script languages. However, no additive facilitation was found for Triple cognates. These results suggest that cognate facilitation in trilinguals is contingent upon proficiency and script similarity, aligning with the BIA+ and Multilink models, which propose nonselective access modulated by proficiency and mapping efficiency. The study highlights how proficiency and orthographic distance jointly constrain cross-language activation in multilingual lexical processing.
Abstract
This study investigates the dynamics of cognate processing in unbalanced Chinese–English–Korean trilinguals using a lexical decision task. Building on existing bilingual research, the experiment tested whether cognate facilitation reported in same script trilinguals would extend to different script language combinations. Participants performed a Korean (L3) lexical decision task, where it varies in cognate status: pure Korean words, Chinese–Korean double cognates, and Chinese–English–Korean triple cognates. The response latencies were modulated by the interaction of word type with Korean proficiency; facilitation emerged for Double cognates among higher-proficiency group, while low-proficiency group showed slower responses for the same items, indicating the cognate facilitation effects for Double cognates with unbalanced trilinguals of different-script languages. However, no additive facilitation was found for Triple cognates. These results suggest that cognate facilitation in trilinguals is contingent upon proficiency and script similarity, aligning with the BIA+ and Multilink models, which propose nonselective access modulated by proficiency and mapping efficiency. The study highlights how proficiency and orthographic distance jointly constrain cross-language activation in multilingual lexical processing.