인출연습의 기억증진효과에 대한 뇌영상 증거
A Brain Imaging Evidence of the Effect of Retrieval Practice on Memory Enhancement
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이 연구의 목적은 지난 100여년간 많은 실증연구를 통해 일관되게 입증된 인출연습활동, 즉 시험치기 학습활동의 기억증진효과에 대한 뇌영상 증거를 제시하고, 교육적 활용방안을 제안하는 것이다. 이 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 다음의 세 가지 세부 연구문제를 설정했다. 첫째, 인출연습활동의 대상이 되는 삽화기억의 성격은 어떠한가? 삽화기억은 어떤 종류의 기억내용을 포함하고 있으며 이 기억내용들이 어떻게 연계되어 있는지를 확인하였다. 둘째, 삽화기억을 약호화하고 인출하는 과정인 인출연습활동은 어떤 뇌활동을 수반하고 있는가? 인출연습활동의 약호화과정과 인출과정이 과연 서로 긴밀하게 연계되어 상호 복원과 재현의 과정을 거치는지를 확인하였다. 셋째, 인출연습활동 동안 이루어지는 약호화과정과 인출과정에 관여하는 구체적인 뇌 부위가 일치하는가? 뇌영상 연구를 통해 두 과정에 관여하는 뇌 부위가 일치하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구는 인출연습활동의 효과가 약호화과정 그리고/또는 인출과정과 연합된 여러 뇌부위의 상호작용 과정을 통해 기억이 증진되었기 때문인 것으로 확인하였다. 이러한 뇌영상 연구결과에 기초하여 인출연습의 효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 첫째, 최초의 약호화과정에서 비교적 완전학습수준에 이르도록 학습할 것, 둘째, 학습 후 가능한 빠른 시일 내에 인출연습을 수행할 것(초기시험효과), 셋째, 약호화상황과 인출상황을 일치시킬 것을 제안하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate various reasons for test-enhanced learning effect based on recent brain imaging endeavors. This study proposed three research questions: What are the features of episodic memory? What brain activities are involved in the retrieval practice process? Whether identical brain loci are involved in encoding and retrieval process? In the beginning, this study introduced an ISP model regarding various systems of memory and its processes. Retrieval practice is very similar to the process of episodic memory system and its process. Various brain imaging studies delved into an interaction process of encoding, storage and retrieval via reinstatement and recapitulation in the specific locus of hippocampus and cortex during those processes. Due to these processes being deeply interrelated, educational effect of encoding specificity principle and transfer-appropriate processing framework can be validated by the research of brain imaging science. Research has shown that testing effect via retrieval practice activity can be attributed to the interaction of various associated cognitive processes among encoding, storage and retrieval process. The interactions among specific brain areas associated with encoding, storage and retrieval result in a memory enhancing process. Based on this study, the educational suggestions applicable to classroom practice are that: A good encoding process is required, early initial testing is recommended, and both the situation and process of encoding and retrieval should be similar.
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