첨단 기계 번역의 등장 속에서 인간 번역의 인지적 역할 탐색
The cognitive role of human translation outwitting the advancement of machine translation
1
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본고는 구글 인공신경망 번역(GNMT)으로 대표되는 기계 번역이 인간 번역의 역할을 점점 대체하고 있는 상황에서, 인간 번역이 사고 능력의 개발이나 활용의 차원에서 어떤 의미를 갖게 될 것인지를 탐색하고자 하였다. 본고는 이 주제를 크게 두 가지 연구문제를 중심으로 논의하였다: 하나는 기계 번역의 특징과 그에 따른 인간 번역의 대체가능성의 문제이고, 다른 하나는 인간 번역이 과연 어떤 교육적 효과를 가지고 있는가 하는 문제이다. 본고는 첫 번째 연구문제와 관련하여, i) 기계 번역의 발전 과정에서 나타난 기계 번역의 특징이 무엇인지와 ii) 기계 번역의 타당성(번역의 질 문제)과 인간 번역의 효용성(번역의 속도 문제) 사이의 딜레마에 대해 논의하였다. 본고는 두 번째 연구문제와 관련하여 인간 번역의 인지적 효과에 주목하면서, iii) 이중어 능력과 번역 능력의 인식론적 관련성에 대해 논의한 후, 마지막으로 iv) 이중어 능력이 구체적으로 어떤 인지적 능력을 포함하고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 본고는, 기계 번역이 인간 번역을 대체할 만큼 발전하더라도, 이중어 학습이나 번역 교육이 인간의 사고 훈련이나 사고 능력의 개발에 중요한 역할을 함을 강조하고 있다. 본고의 논의는 인공지능 번역기 시대의 번역 교육의 의미와 역할에 대한 학계의 논의를 촉발할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
This paper discussed on the role and significance of human translation under the sheer development of machine translation, represented by Google Neural Machine Translate(GNMT). To address this issue, this paper focused on two main argumentative inquiries: i) what are the innovative features of machine translation and how such features bring about the dilemma between the quality of GNMT and the efficiency of human translation?, and ii) with what characteristics bilingual competence works as the basic capacity for translation and what factors of cognitive ability are included in the bilingual competence? Having these two inquiries in mind, this paper analyzed, first of all, the developmental phases of machine translation and the characteristics of each phase, and then explained how machine translation has been developed far beyond the drawbacks of predecessors. For the second inquiry, this paper discussed how bilingual competence is related to human cognitive capacities, and reviewed the concrete examples of those cognitive capacities, which are related to the translation skills. This paper’s discussion might endorse the significance of human translation and the role of translation education for enticing thinking skills of learners.
참고문헌 (86)
- 김광수, "자기설명 프롬프트 유형이 학습자의 인지적 기능의 획득에 미치는 효과", 사고개발, 14(4), pp.69~85 (2018), 대한사고개발학회[DOI]
- 김영채, "일상의 창의력, 어떻게 향상시킬 수 있을까?", 사고개발, 13(3), pp.1~23 (2017), 대한사고개발학회
- 김혜경, "역번역을 통한 기계번역의 한계와 발전 가능성 제고: 『채식주의자』를 중심으로", 동화와 번역, (37), pp.13~37 (2019), 동화와번역연구소
- 박옥수, "한영 병렬 코퍼스와 기계번역에서 의존 명사 ‘-것’이 포함된 어휘의 번역 방식 연구", 동아인문학, (37), pp.469~492 (2016), 동아인문학회
- 박찬준, "기계번역 사후교정(Automatic Post Editing) 연구", 한국융합학회논문지, 11(5), pp.1~8 (2020), 한국융합학회[DOI]
- 송연석, "기계번역 담론에 대한 비판적 고찰", 번역학연구, 19(1), pp.119~145 (2018), 한국번역학회[DOI]
- 신지선, "테크놀로지 패러다임에서의 번역능력 재조명", 통번역학연구, 21(4), pp.51~71 (2017), 통번역연구소[DOI]
- 양용칠, "창의력 개발을 위한 수업의 조건", 사고개발, 13(4), pp.1~15 (2017), 대한사고개발학회
- 윤애선, "『디지털 바벨탑』 세우기, 어디까지 왔나? – 프-한 기계번역의 현황과 전망", 불어불문학연구, (117), pp.157~199 (2019), 한국불어불문학회[DOI]
- 윤희주, "완곡어법과 위악어법의 번역원인 및 번역방법", 번역학연구, 8(1), pp.193~220 (2007), 한국번역학회[DOI]
- 이상빈, "학부번역전공자의 기계번역 포스트에디팅, 무엇이 문제이고, 무엇을 가르쳐야 하는가?", 통역과 번역, 19(3), pp.37~64 (2017), 한국통역번역학회[DOI]
- 임주영, "자기주도적 영어토론학습의 효과에 대한 대학생들의 인식", 사고개발, 14(3), pp.89~114 (2018), 대한사고개발학회[DOI]
- 장애리, "국내 기계 통번역의 발전 현황 분석: 한·중 언어 쌍을 중심으로", 번역학연구, 18(2), pp.171~206 (2017), 한국번역학회[DOI]
- 전혜진, "AI 시대, 문학번역에서 기계번역과 인간번역 비교분석 연구 - 똘스또이의 『유년시절』번역 분석을 중심으로", 노어노문학, 31(1), pp.111~154 (2019), 한국노어노문학회
- 정세영, "일상의 창의력 - 그 체제의 요소조직과 실제적 함의", 사고개발, 15(1), pp.1~17 (2019), 대한사고개발학회[DOI]
- 최동익, "과거시제의 영어 복문과 중문에 대한 번역가 번역과 기계번역 비교", 언어학 연구, (39), pp.377~398 (2016), 한국중원언어학회[DOI]
- 최현희, "공손성 번역의 적절성에 관한 연구 -문장종결형에 나타난 공손성을 중심으로-", 새한영어영문학, 57(2), pp.151~169 (2015), 새한영어영문학회[DOI]
- 최효은, "특허 기계번역 결과물의 평가 - KIPRIS의 무료 한영 기계번역을 중심으로", 통역과 번역, 19(1), pp.139~178 (2017), 한국통역번역학회[DOI]
- 한승희, "기계번역·인간번역·트랜스크리에이션의 문체 비교: 광고 번역을 중심으로", 통번역학연구, 21(2), pp.163~188 (2017), 통번역연구소[DOI]
- Ackerman, P. L., "Working memory and intelligence : The same or different constructs?", Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), pp.30~ (2005)
- Adelman, A. H., "The neurobiology of simultaneous interpreting : Where extreme language control and cognitive control intersect", Bilingualism : Language and Cognition, 23(4), pp.1~12 (2020)
- Adesope, T., "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism", Review of Educational Research, 80(2), pp.207~245 (2010)
- Bäckström, E., "Affective Emotions and Bilingualism", pp.2007
- Baddeley, A. D., "Development of working memory: Should the Pascual-Leone and the Baddeley and Hitch models be merged?", Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77(2), pp.128~137 (2000)
- Bassnet, S., "Translation Studies" (2012), Routledge
- Bialystok E., "Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition" (2001), Cambridge University Press
- Bialystok, E., "Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind", Child Development, 70(3), pp.636~644 (1999)
- Bialystok, E., "Cardinal limits : Evidence from language awareness and bilingualism for developing concepts of number", Cognitive Development, 12(1), pp.85~106 (1997)
- Bialystok, E., "Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), pp.19~23 (2010)
- Bialystok, E., "The relationship between bilingualism and the development of cognitive processes in problem solving", Applied Psycholinguistics, 19(1), pp.69~85 (1998)
- Bialystok, E., "Attention and inhibition in bilingual children : Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task", Developmental Science, 7(3), pp.325~339 (2004)
- Bowerman, M., "Typological perspectives on language", The Proceedings of the 25th Annual Child Language Research Forum, 25, pp.7~ (1993), CSLI
- Calvin, W. H., "The cerebral code: Thinking a thought in the mosaics of the mind" (1996), MIT Press
- Campbell, R., "Accelerated metalinguistic (phonological) awareness in bilingual children", British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(1), pp.61~68 (1995)
- Christoffels, I. K., "Introduction to Bilingualism and Cognitive Control", Frontiers in Psychology, 4, pp.1~3 (2013)
- Cicekli, I., "Learning translation templates from bilingual translation examples", Applied Intelligence, 15(1), pp.57~76 (2001)
- da Costa Pinto, A. A. N., "Where did you park your car? Analysis of a naturalistic long-term recency effect", European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), pp.297~313 (1991)
- Darcy, N., "A review of the literature on the effects of bilingualism upon the measurement of intelligence", Journal of Genetic Psychology, 82, pp.21~57 (1953)
- Dempster, F. N., "Interference and inhibition in cognition and behavior : Unifying themes for educational psychology", Educational Psychology Review, 11(1), pp.1~88 (1999)
- Ellis, P., "Implicit and explicit learning of languages" (1994), Academic Press
- Ervin-Tripp, S., "Child codeswitching and adult content contrasts", International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(1), pp.85~102 (2005)
- Federico, M., "Measuring user productivity in machine translation enhanced computer assisted translation", Proceedings of the Tenth Conference of AMTA, pp.44~56 (2012), AMTA
- Garrod, S., "The development of dialogue co-ordination skills in school children", Language and Cognitive Processes, 8(1), pp.101~126 (1993)
- Ghonsooly, B., "The Effects of Foreign Language Learning on Creativity", English Language Teaching, 5(4), pp.161~167 (2012)
- Green, D. W., "Language control in bilinguals : The adaptive control hypothesis", Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), pp.515~530 (2013)
- Grosvald, M. A., "Long-distance coarticulation: A production and perception study of English and American Sign Language" (2009), University of California-Davis
- Haikonen, P. O., "On Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness", Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness, 7(01), pp.73~82 (2020)
- Hakuta, K., "The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability : A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data", Children’s Language, 5, pp.319~344 (1985)
- Head, L. M., "Bilingualism as a potential strategy to improve executive function in preterm infants : a review", Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 29(2), pp.126~136 (2015)
- Hommel, B., "Bilingualism and creativity : Benefits in convergent thinking come with losses in divergent thinking", Frontiers in Psychology, 2(273), pp.1~5 (2011)
- Huerta-Macias, A., "Code switching, bilingual and biliteracy: Case study" (1992), University of Minnesota
- Jarrold, C., "Individual differences in working memory", Neuroscience, 139(1), pp.39~50 (2006)
- Jessner, U., "A DST model of multilingualism and the role of metalinguistic awareness", The Modern Language Journal, 92(2), pp.270~283 (2008)
- Johnson, M., "Google’s multilingual neural machine translation system : Enabling zero-shot translation", Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5, pp.339~351 (2017)
- Kharkhurin, A. V., "The role of code-switching in bilingual creativity", International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 18(2), pp.153~169 (2014)
- Kimberg, D. Y., "Effects of bromocriptine on human subjects depend on working memory capacity", Neuroreport, 8(16), pp.3581~3585 (1997)
- King, K. M., "Can Google Translate be Taught to Translate Literature? A Case for Humanists to Collaborate in the Future of Machine Translation", Translation Review, 105(1), pp.76~92 (2019)
- Kirk, N. W., "Cognitive cost of switching between standard and dialect varieties", 20th Annual Conference on Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (2014)
- Koehn, P., "Neural machine translation" (2020), Cambridge University Press
- Koehn, P., "The impact of machine translation quality on human post-editing", Proceedings of the EACL 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation, pp.38~46 (2014)
- Koehn, P, "Interactive assistance to human translators using statistical machine translation methods", MT Summit XII (2009)
- Kormi-Nouri, R., "Episodic and semantic memory in bilingual and monolingual children", Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44(1), pp.47~54 (2003)
- Krashen, S. D., "The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom" (1983), The Alemanu Press
- Kroll, J. F., "Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule : Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech", Bilingualism, 9(2), pp.119~ (2006)
- Lee, H., "Can speaking more languages enhance your creativity?", Personality and individual differences, 50(8), pp.1186~1190 (2011)
- Leikin, M., "The effect of bilingualism on creativity : Developmental and educational perspectives", International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(4), pp.431~447 (2013)
- Lindholm-Leary, K. J., "Dual language education(Vol. 28)" (2001), Multilingual Matters
- Macnamara, J., "Bilingualism and primary education" (1966), Edinburgh University Press
- Malakoff, M., "Language Processing in Bilingual Children", pp.141~166 (1991), Stanford Univ. Press
- Morales, J., "Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals", Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), pp.531~546 (2013)
- Muysken, P., "Biligual speech: A typology of code-mixing" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Neubig, G., "Neural machine translation and sequence-to-sequence models: A tutorial", arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.01619, ~ (2017)
- Paap, K. R., "Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances", Cortex, 69, pp.265~278 (2015)
- Peal, E., "The relation of bilingualism to intelligence", Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 76(27), pp.1~23 (1962)
- Pym, A., "Redefining translation competence in an electronic age. In defence of a minimalist approach", Meta: Translators' Journal, 48(4), pp.481~497 (2003)
- Runco, M. A., "Creativity research: A historical view" (2010), Cambridge University Press
- Saer, D. J., "The effect of bilingualism on intelligence", British Journal of Psychology : General Section, 14(1), pp.25~38 (1923)
- Segal, D., "16 Multilingualism and Cognitive Benefits in Aging", Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Multilingualism : The Fundamentals, 19, pp.351~373 (2019)
- Shah, H., "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems", pp.1346~1355 (2018)
- Simard, M., "Phrase-based machine translation in a computer-assisted translation environment", MT Summit XII, pp.120~127 (2009)
- Tao L., "The efficiency of attentional networks in early and late bilinguals: the role of age of acquisition", Front. Psychol., 2(123), pp.1~19 (2011)
- Treccani, B., "Spatial negative priming in bilingualism", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), pp.320~327 (2009)
- Wang, J., "Learning chinese-japanese bilingual word embedding by using common characters", InInternational Conference on Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, pp.82~93 (2016), Springer
- Wong, K., "Contextual Neural Machine Translation Improves Translation of Cataphoric Pronouns", arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.09894, ~ (2020)
- Wu, Y., "Google’s neural machine translation system: Bridging the gap between human and machine translation", CoRRabs, 2016
- Zhou, L., "Neural system combination for machine translation", arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.06393, ~ (2017)
