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불교의 자비에 대한 사회 신경과학의 한 이해 ‒ 공감에서 자비로 ‒

The Social Neurosicence Understanding of Buddhist Compassion - From Empathy to Compassion -

권선아
한국불교학회 (The Korean Association For Buddhist Studies)|2017.09|한국불교학 (The Journal of the Korean Association for Buddhist Studies)|제83호|pp. 97-123

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참고문헌

키워드

공감EmpathyCompassion자비사회적 감정사회 신경과학자비 수행Social emotionSocial neuroscienceCompassion cultivation
주제분류종교학

초록

이 연구는 공감의 시대라고도 일컬어지는 현대 사회에서 대승 불교의 핵심사상인 자비를 어떻게 자리매김할 것인가라는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 심리학과 사회 신경과학의 최근 연구는 공감이나 자비와 같은 사회적 감정을 구체적으로 다루기 시작했고, 그를 통해 인간의 괴로움에 대한 비슷한 반응이라고 믿어졌던 공감과 자비가 사실은 매우 다른 주관적 정서의 경험과 연결되어 있으며, 그것들의 신경적 토대 또한 다르다는 것을 밝혔다. 즉 공감은 다른 이의 고통에 공명하는 것이고 그 결과는 부정적인 정서의 발현으로 이어지며, 그 때 활성화되는 뇌의 부위는 고통에 대한 공감의 패러다임과 긴밀히 연결되어 있었다. 반면 자비는 관심이나 따뜻함과 같은 긍정적인 느낌과 함께 나타나고, 그 때는 보상이나 친화와 관련된 뇌의 부위가 활성화되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 ‘자비 피로’라는 말은 ‘공감 피로’라는 말로 수정되어야하고, ‘공감 피로’를 극복할 수 있는 유효한 전략으로 불교적 자비의 수행이 대두된다는 것을 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 공감에서 자비로의 전환을 제안하며, 자비의 패러다임이 사회적으로 확산되고 현대인의 고통을 더는 데 주도적인 역할을 할 것을 기대한다.

Abstract

Ongoing scientific research conducted by neuroscientists has indicated that empathy and compassion are distinct mental states with specific neural correlates. Further, these states are distinctive in their affect: Empathic states can lead to mental and perhaps physical distress in encounters with suffering; compassion can lead to a variety of positive feelings, including concerned interest and a general sense of warmth. So, the accepted expression, “compassion fatigue,” is an erroneous combination, and can be more precisely re-termed as “empathy fatigue.” The result is that it is more healthy to cultivate compassion and its related benefits than empathy and its associated mental and physical dangers. This adjustment is in harmony with the Buddhist point of view, which advises the cultivation of compassion based on insight. This direction of development in social neuroscience perhaps opens the opportunity for further dialogue with Buddhist understanding. The reality of the experience of being human is already completely shared, at the same time as it remains particular to each individual. The strength of Buddhist compassion is that it is based on insight into concrete experiences, not on a feeling, and insight is a mental state free from suffering.

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