인도네시아 지방정치의 후견주의적 투표행태와 ‘탈정당화’: 응아다군(Kabupaten Ngada)의 사례를 중심으로
Clientelism and ‘De-particization’ in Indonesian Local Politics A Case Study in Ngada, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province
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민주적 이행이 정치적 행위자들의 행태를 단기간에 변화시키지 못한다는 점은 경험적으로 검증되어왔다. 1998년 민주화를 이룬 인도네시아에서도 장기간 뿌리내린 후견주의(clientelism)—유권자의 정치적 지지를 엘리트의 물질적 지원과 교환—가 유권자들의 투표행태를 이해하는 중요한 요인으로 이해되고 있다. 그러나 후견주의가 구체적으로 어떻게 작동되며, 지역 간 높은 다양성과 어떤 관련이 있는지에 관한 학문적 관심은 높지 않았다. 본 연구는 누사뜽가라띠무르(NTT)주에 속한 응아다군(Kabupaten Ngada)에서 관찰된 비무슬림 유권자들의 이례적으로 높은 이슬람계 정당에 대한 지지가 지역 내 후견주의에 대한 수요와 공급 모두 인도네시아의 다른 지역들보다 훨씬 높은 수준으로 유지된 결과이며. 정당은 오로지 후보자의 선거참여 수단으로 전락해버렸다는 점을 지적한다. 이러한 ‘탈정당화’된 응아다의 지역 정치는 좀처럼 공고화되지 못하는 인도네시아 민주주의를 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.
Abstract
A growing number of literature suggests that behaviors of political actors remain largely undemocratic even after the onset of democratic transition. In Indonesia, where party politics has recovered from the 32-year-old authoritarian regime, the longstanding practices of clientelism have been understood as a key determinant of voter preference. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to explain the varying degrees of such clientelistic practices with regards to the the country’s sociocultural diversities across regions. Based on the findings from a case study in Ngada, a predominantly Catholic district on Flores Island, I argue that the region’s unusually large shares of the votes for some Islamic parties result from the overwhelming nature of clientelism in local politics, More specifically, I suggest that both demands and supplies for clientelism in Ngada have been much larger than those in other Indonesian regions, and political parties are nothing but political vehicles for local elites’ electoral participation. Such ‘de-particization’ aligned with clientelism allows to obtain a clearer picture of democratic backsliding or decline in Indonesia.
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