중세 유럽의 십자군 전쟁은 원정인가 침략인가?

Abstract

The crusading war was a series of campaign motivated by the desire to bring the holy places of Christendom and to protect it as European viewpoint. Many European historians thought the crusading war lasted from 1095, when Pope Urban II made his famous call to arms, until the fall of Acre in 1291. The crusading war formed two important parts, Europe and Islamic world. In Europe, the Crusades were part of the evolution of Medieval Western Europe. In Muslim East, the Crusades have left their impact on the Islamic consciousness to the present day. The historiography of the crusades, as seen from an European viewpoint, can be divided into three periods, of which the first and longest, went from 1095 to the end of the sixteenth century; the second covered the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the third begin in the early nineteenth century and has lasted to the present. The first period considered the crusading war a response to Muslim threats on Christian holy places and people in the East. The second period of crusading historiography was ushered in by the rationalists who called the crusaders adventures and brigands and considered the crusading war "a savage fanaticism". The crusades had taken their place in public opinion " among the monuments of folly and tyranny". The third period turned the tide of opinion about the crusades. A sympathetic attitude toward the Middle Ages, including the crusaders, emerged in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries under the influence of romanticism and nationalism and can be seen in the favorable depictions of the crusaders in literature, art and music. The image of the crusaders had partially recovered. After the French Revolution, nationalism made the crusaders the symbol of European expansion. Finally, they were considered the soldiers of justice without a religious meaning. On the other hand, the image of the crusades, as seen from Islamic world, has always been unchangeable, and it is as plunder. Before the coming of Islam, Christianity was the religion of the majority in the Middle East. Islam has governed the Middle East, North Africa & Spain since the 8th century. The crusading campaign was an unexpected invasion in the Muslim Levant. Muslim divided the world two parts. The first is "Dar al-Islam(House of Islam)" that is the Islamic community. The second is "Dar of al-Harb(House of War) that is outside "Dar al-Islam". Although the infidels occupied the part of Dar al-Islam which was originally infidel's territory, Islam considers that infidels invaded Muslim territory. There the Crusading War can be expedition as the viewpoint of European, and it can be the invasion as Islamic World viewpoint.