백제 도성 제의(祭儀)의 전개와 그 배경

Abstract

The literature and archaeological materials related to the various ceremonies performed in the Baekje capital are rare. To overcome this, the author reviews the related Chinese capital ceremonies at that time. Based on the patterns found in the Chinese capital ceremonies, the author attempts to understand the characteristics of the Baekje capital ceremonies. The most important ceremony in China was the emperor’s inauguration ceremony.In the Western Han dynasty, the emperor would perform this ceremony in the ancestral temple(宗廟).However, in the late Western Han dynasty, a new type of ceremony called the suburb divine sacrifice (郊祀) was introduced. This ceremony was performed outside the city walls, and it was dedicated to the gods of heaven and earth. The successor to the emperor would still perform the ancestral temple ceremony, but the new suburb divine sacrifice ceremony would be performed by the new emperor to mark the beginning of his reign. This practice was changed in the Eastern Jin dynasty, when the emperor Yuan(元帝) performed the suburb divine sacrifice ceremony to mark the beginning of his new dynasty. This new trend was also adopted by Baekje, almost at the same time, with King Gunchogo(近肖古王). The adoption of the suburb divine sacrifice ceremony by Baekje shows that Baekje was trying to emulate the Chinese model of imperial rule. This was a way for Baekje to assert its independence and to show its status as a major power in East Asia. The heaven and earth sacrifice devoting ceremony performed in the fifth year of King Goi(古爾王) was not an inauguration ceremony, but rather a ceremony to announce an important state event. The ceremony was noteworthy for its use of a music band composed of drums and pipes, which was a sign of the king’s grandeur. This band is believed to have been introduced to Baekje by Cao Wei as a gift in commemoration of Baekje’s entry into the international stage.The introduction of the music band to Baekje by Cao Wei(曹魏) was a significant event. It showed that Cao Wei recognized Baekje as a powerful and important kingdom. It also showed that Cao Wei was willing to support Baekje in its efforts to become a major player on the international stage. King Goi’s tenth year (243) heaven and earth sacrifice was a major national event, and it was accompanied by a mountain and river sacrifice ceremony. The mountain and river ceremony was performed to announce the king’s dignity to the public, but it also required the approval of other states. This suggests that the ceremony had political significance. King Gunchogo’s twenty-fourth year (369) great inspection with the hunting drill was a type of military ceremony. This was a time of high military tension between Baekje and Goguryeo(高句麗), so it is likely that the inspection was a way to train the Baekje army for a possible war. It is noteworthy that the flags used in the great inspection were all yellow. The color of the flags used in national events was typically based on the position of the national protecting deity in the Five Elements order. Yellow is the color of the great earth deity, so it is likely that Baekje followed this order. Another possibility is that the color of the flags was related to the provincial direction of the area where the central government issued commands. In this case, the yellow flag would have meant the area of the capital and its vicinity. The heaven and five celestial diety ceremony performed in Ungjin and Sabi, that is middle and latter period was superficially seen as being disconnected from the heaven and earth diety ceremony of former period, but in fact, it is understood as a result of adopting the system of the Liang (梁)’s suburbs sacrifice which was then closely related to Baekje in the development of the suburbs sacrifice system in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties period.