만연한 와스타와 무너진 일반화된 신뢰 -레바논과 이집트를 중심으로-
Pervasive Wasta and Collapsed Generalized Trust: A Focus on Lebanon and Egypt
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Trust serves as a crucial factor in cultivating societal cohesion, with generalized trust representing a fundamental aspect of trust in most people. The Arab world has consistently exhibited distrust in institutions, yet issues related to generalized trust have not surfaced overtly surfaced. However, various surveys such as World Values Survey have highlighted concerns regarding generalized trust in the Arab world. Particularly, Lebanon and Egypt manifest collapsed generalized trust, with a majority of respondents indicating distrust in most people, surpassing 90%. This study focuses on the phenomenon of collapsed generalized trust in Lebanon and Egypt, specifically examining it as corruption with a focus on Wasta. Wasta is known for its dual nature, encompassing both social capital and corruption. However, the evolution of Wasta’s role in the formation of modern states in Lebanon and Egypt has consistently presented its corrupt aspects. This study, seeking to understand the impact of Wasta on the collapsed generalized trust in Lebanon and Egypt, conducted binary logistic regression analysis based on recoded items including “Most people can be trusted.” as the proxy of generalized trust and “It is impossible to get a job without wasta vs. that posts are attributed according to qualifications.” as representing Wasta provided by World Values Survey. The findings of this study indicate that Wasta is related to collapsed generalized trust in both countries. Specifically, odds ratios in empirical results have shown increased distrust in most people when the perceived level of Wasta is increased. Hence, the hypothesis that pervasive Wasta generates the collapsed generalized trust in recent Lebanon and Egypt can be supported. This suggests a recommendation for policymakers in Lebanon and Egypt to exert control over Wasta as a means to enhance generalized trust to increase social efficiency. Furthermore, this study underscores the need to break the vicious cycle of corruption, declining generalized trust, and the reproduction of corrupt behaviors. It urges policymakers to address these issues to foster societal improvement.
Abstract
Trust serves as a crucial factor in cultivating societal cohesion, with generalized trust representing a fundamental aspect of trust in most people. The Arab world has consistently exhibited distrust in institutions, yet issues related to generalized trust have not surfaced overtly surfaced. However, various surveys such as World Values Survey have highlighted concerns regarding generalized trust in the Arab world. Particularly, Lebanon and Egypt manifest collapsed generalized trust, with a majority of respondents indicating distrust in most people, surpassing 90%. This study focuses on the phenomenon of collapsed generalized trust in Lebanon and Egypt, specifically examining it as corruption with a focus on Wasta. Wasta is known for its dual nature, encompassing both social capital and corruption. However, the evolution of Wasta’s role in the formation of modern states in Lebanon and Egypt has consistently presented its corrupt aspects. This study, seeking to understand the impact of Wasta on the collapsed generalized trust in Lebanon and Egypt, conducted binary logistic regression analysis based on recoded items including “Most people can be trusted.” as the proxy of generalized trust and “It is impossible to get a job without wasta vs. that posts are attributed according to qualifications.” as representing Wasta provided by World Values Survey. The findings of this study indicate that Wasta is related to collapsed generalized trust in both countries. Specifically, odds ratios in empirical results have shown increased distrust in most people when the perceived level of Wasta is increased. Hence, the hypothesis that pervasive Wasta generates the collapsed generalized trust in recent Lebanon and Egypt can be supported. This suggests a recommendation for policymakers in Lebanon and Egypt to exert control over Wasta as a means to enhance generalized trust to increase social efficiency. Furthermore, this study underscores the need to break the vicious cycle of corruption, declining generalized trust, and the reproduction of corrupt behaviors. It urges policymakers to address these issues to foster societal improvement.
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