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공세적 수정주의적 행태가 핵확산 과정에 끼치는 영향

The Impact of Offensive Revisionist Behavior on Nuclear Proliferation

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초록

국제정치학에서는 국가들의 현상유지 의지가 핵무기 개발의 주요 요인 중 하나라 주장되어왔다. 본 연구는 이에 대하여, 현상타파적 의지 또한 주요 동기일 수 있음을 가정하고 이론적 고찰 및 사례연구를 통하여 검증한다. 현재까지 국제정치학에서 수정주의 행동을 보인 국가들의 핵포기 이유를 검토한 사례가 없다는 점에서 핵비확산 연구의 공백을 메우려는 시도에 그 의의가 있다. 먼저 현상유지, 현상타파, 수정주의 등의 개념을 고전적 현실주의, 신현실주의, 세력균형이론 등 기존 국제정치학이론을 토대로 살펴본다. 이후 ‘공세적 수정주의’라는 대안적 수정주의 개념을 도입하며, 현실주의 이론의 수정주의 개념을 훼손하지 않으면서도 기존 이론의 한계를 극복하는데 유용한 분석틀을 제공한다. 이어서 핵확산국 중 호전적 수정주의 성향이 두드러졌던 북한, 인도네시아, 남아프리카공화국의 사례를 통하여, 수정주의적 국가가 핵을 포기하게 되는 과정을 이익 균형론을 바탕으로 설명한다. 남아공과 인도네시아의 경우, 공세적 수정주의 행태로 인하여 악화되었던 외부 환경이 핵개발 과정에서의 외교적 고립 및 교역 제한 등과 맞물려 국가이익 균형에 실패하였으며 궁극적으로 핵 포기라는 결과를 가져왔다. 반면 북한의 경우 중국과 러시아의 대미 패권경쟁 과정에 대미카드로 쓰이면서 전략적 입지가 강화되어 외적 균형을 유지할 수 있었다.

Abstract

In this research, the desire to overthrow the status quo is assumed to be a potentially primary driving force behind nuclear development. This assumption is verified by theoretical considerations and case studies. Based on existing IR theories the concepts of revisionism and the status quo are discussed. Following that, an alternate definition of revisionism, ‘offensive revisionism,' is introduced. Through the cases of DPRK, Indonesia, and South Africa, whose offensive revisionist behavior was prominent among other nuclear proliferation countries, the process by which revisionist countries gave up nuclear weapons is explained based on the balance of interests and power. In the cases of South Africa and Indonesia, the external environment deteriorated due to aggressive revisionist behavior in the process of nuclear proliferation contributed to the failure of external balancing, ultimately resulting in nuclear rollback. DPRK was, on the other hand, able to maintain external balance by strengthening its strategic position in the process of hegemonic competition between China and Russia against the US.

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