도시 지역에서 3.1운동의 전개와 특징

Abstract

This paper analyzes the development and characteristics of the March First Movement in 1919 in urban areas, based on the database built by the National Institute of Korean History. The database classified as the urban areas in colonial Korea as of 1919, a composition of the twelve boos (府, administrative cities designated by the colonial government), the 23 designated myeons (面, lager townships), and some of the non-designated myeons of a relatively large population, many of them located with railway stations. This paper looks into the categories of the database, including the basic types of the protests, the degrees of violence, the types of participants, the media used in rallies, the temporal developments of the protests, and their usual time-slots of the day. Major characteristics of the types of protests in the cities are students strikes and other activities, mostly done by not-organized individuals. It reflects the fact that most schools were located in colonial cities. As for the degrees of violence in the independent protests, most of the protesters favored non-violent chanting “manse,” a slogan calling for independence to the Government-General, both in urban and rural areas. However, in the cities, damage to property had higher percentages compared to the rural areas, which showed property worth damaging concentrated in urban areas. Participants were mostly composed of Christians, followers of Cheondogyo, a Korean religion, students and farmers across the nation. While Christians participated in similar percentages, regardless of rural or urban areas, students had a greater presence in the city rallies and members of Cheondoist and farmers in non-city areas. Three major media of the March 1 Movement were banners, flyers, and slogans. While banners were favored evenly both in rural and urban rallies, city protesters preferred flyers and their non-city counterparts more heavily depended on chanting slogans. It showed the letter-based network and verbal network co-existed in different spatial zones in colonial Korea. As for the temporal development of rallies, in most cities, they surged in early March, slowed in mid-March, resurged later in the month, and subsided in April. On the other hand, in rural areas, demonstrations gradually gathered momentum all through March, reached a peak in early April and abated from mid-April. In overall, the nation-wide protests started in the cities and gradually spread out into neighboring non-city areas. Whereas the time-slots of rallies were similar in cities or non-cities, in cities, more protests occurred in the afternoon, and in rural areas, they happened slightly darker hours than in the cities. That showed a difference in rhythm of life between cities and non-cities. This analysis is a quantitative one based on the big data and can be used as a basis for further qualitative studies in the future.