공동체 기반 환경보호의 공동공급
The Co-Provision of Community-Based Environmental Protection
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최근의 환경정책에 관한 연구의 한 부류는 환경정책의 전 과정에 있어서 공동체를 기반으로 일종의 협동적 방식을 구축하고자 하는 것이다. 종전과 같은 정부의 환경규제가 실패할 경우는 환경오염의 악화와 환경규제의 강화라는 악순환이 되풀이되어 환경관리의 비용을 무제한적으로 상승시킬 가능성이 있으므로, 대안적 방식으로 공동체의 직접적인 환경관리가 제안된다. 이에 따라 기존의 환경보호 체계의 핵심적 요소인 명령과 통제의 규제가 좀 더 융통성 있고 협동적인 접근법으로 보완되어, 주로 공동체에 기반을 둔 자율적 환경 거버넌스의 방식이 모색된다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 공동체가 대안적 접근법으로서 수행하고 있는 환경보호의 기능을 공급과 생산의 관점에서 논의하고, 정부와 공동체의 공동공급의 논리와 의의를 기초로 공동체 기반 환경보호의 네 가지 유형을 분류하여 각 유형별로 우리나라의 사례를 논하였다. 본 연구의 사례들은 환경보호와 관련하여 정부가 방관을 하든, 면허를 발급하든, 실패를 하든, 규제를 강화하든, 모든 경우에 있어서 공동체가 적극적으로 대응하여 공동체 차원의 공급을 수행하고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구에서 소개된 공동체 기반 환경보호의 사례들은 모두 주민들의 공동체 조직이 환경보호의 공급단위로서의 기능을 성공적으로 수행한 민관 공동공급의 결과라고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 향후 환경정책의 운영에 있어서 정부 및 지방자치단체는 공급과 생산의 독점을 지양하고 더 많은 시민들을 환경보호 활동에 참여하도록 유도하는 노력을 기울일 필요가 있다. 특히 지역공동체가 주민들의 공동체 조직을 기반으로 좀 더 많은 공공서비스 분야에 있어서 공동공급의 기능까지도 수행할 수 있는 제도적인 뒷받침이 요구된다. 또한 향후에는 공동체의 공동공급에 관한 좀 더 많은 이론적 논의와 경험적 연구가 수행될 것이 기대된다.
Abstract
One stream of the recent studies on environmental policy is to build up a sort of collaborative method based on community in the whole procedure of environmental policy. Since the environmental cost is likely to greatly increase due to the vicious cycle of environmental pollution and environmental regulation when government's environmental regulations fail, the direct environmental management by community is suggested. The regulation paradigms of command and control as the key element in the existing environmental protection system are complemented by more flexible and collaborative approaches so that self-governing environmental governance paradigms based on community are pursued. This study discussed the functions of community-based environmental protection as an alternative approach from the standpoint of provision and production. This study also classified the community-based environmental protection into four types on the basis of government-community co-provision and discussed four Korean cases by type respectively. The case study showed that all the four case communities reacted affirmatively to governmental actions and performed community-level provisions in all the cases that government looked on, issued licenses, failed, and reinforced regulation with respect to environmental protection. The cases of community-based environmental protection in this study are regarded as the co-provisions of government-community in which communities successfully performed the functions as the provision units of environmental protection. It is, therefore, recommended that central and local governments abandon the monopoly of provision and production in environmental management and make efforts to get more citizens to participate environmental protection activities. It is recommended, in particular, that institutional arrangements be made to enable more local communities to perform the functions of co-provision in more realms of public service. More theoretical discussions and empirical studies on community-based co-provision are also expected to be active.
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