이식된 정주대학체계 - 미국 정주대학의 변화와 발전
Implanted Residential College System - Changes and Development of American Residential Colleges
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이 논문은 영국의 정주대학이 미국에 이식되면서 나타나는 변화와 발전을 살펴보려는 것이 목적이다. 이는 미국에서 정주대학이 만들어지는 과정과 맥락이 오늘날 한국에서 정주대학을 논의하는 맥락과 상당히 유사하여 미국의 사례로부터 많은 시사점을 얻을 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. 미국 고등교육의 발달 과정을 살펴보면 대학교의 대규모화와 과밀화에 따른 학교행정의 관료화와 학생들의 개인화와 소외, 연구와 대학원 중심의 대학교 운영으로 인한 학부교육의 부실화를 경험하면서 정주대학의 필요성에 대한 논의들이 출현하였고 정주대학이 설립되었던 것이다. 따라서 미국 정주대학의 변화와 발전에 대해서는 미국 대학이 밟아 온 역사적인 과정에서 찾아야 할 것이다. 미국 고등교육의 역사에서 정주대학은 고등교육이 새로운 돌파구를 찾아야 할 시기에 하나의 대안으로 어김없이 등장하였다. 시대적인 상황과 지적 지형의 변화에 따라 고전적인 정주대학의 모델에 변형이 가해지기는 하였으나, 정주대학의 기본적인 정신은 그대로 유지하고 있다. 그 기본적인 정신이라는 것은 학문공동체의 형성이라고 할 수 있다. 오늘날 한국의 대학들에서 정주대학이 논의되는 것은 한국 고등교육이 처한 위기를 반영하는 것이다. 그리고 한국 고등교육기관의 역사가 미국의 그것과 상당히 유사하다는 점에서 미국 정주대학의 논의로부터 상당한 시사점을 얻을 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the changes and development of residential colleges in American higher education while the classical Oxbridge residential colleges have been implanted. The reason why this study is needed is that the processes and contexts in which American residential colleges have been built are very similar to the current discussions of residential colleges in Korea, and that the American cases will shed valuable light on the construction of new residential colleges. In the historical development of American higher education, institutions have continually experienced the devaluation of undergraduate education due to the growth of student body and the professionalization of education, which have resulted in overpopulation of campus, bureaucratization of administration, emphasis on the research and graduate education, and so forth. Whenever such a circumstance appeared, American institutions chose the residential college system as one of solutions. Therefore, the American residential colleges should be understood in the context of American higher education. Though American residential colleges have developed as a response to the crisis of higher education, the forms are highly diverse since they were built in accordance with the temporal, the regional, and/or the intellectual milieu. However, the nature and spirit of the classical residential colleges,i.e., collegiality has been kept. The essence of collegiality, as I propose, is the formation of academic community. Recently, a few Korean institutions begin to discuss on or even to build residential colleges, which reflects that Korean higher education is in crisis. In this respect, the changes and development of American residential colleges will be helpful to the Korean institutions that are interested in the system. But it should be kept in mind that the most important thing is collegiality whatever forms of residential college they may choose.
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