슐라이어마허의 신학구조론

Abstract

Schleiermacher insisted on not only the scientific character of theology but also the unique of theology in the Enlightenment. Especially he presented the subject, method, and the correlation of disciplines in theology through the description about the structure of theology. As the result of his effort, the unique character of theology has made clear much more. The one of his writings, Brief Outline on the Study of Theology[ Kurze Darstellung des theologischen S t u d i u m s], is a book to handle the structure of theology on a full scale. In this study I am going to make an attempt at the analytic consider of it. Because there are the contents, specificity, and contemporary significance of the structure of theology in it. Schleiermacher partitions theology into three disciplines, that is, the philosophical theology, historical theology, and practical theology. The philosophical theology is an innovative discipline that could not find anywhere in his days. The subject of it is to examines the nature of Christianity(or Protestant) and to criticize the matters of the christian churches by the nature of it. In this discipline are Apologetics and Polemics. The historical theology is a discipline to consider the historical matters of Christianity. Its subject is to describe all the moments of history in relation with the ideas of Christianity. In this discipline are Exegetic theology, History of dogmas, History of churches, Statistics of church, Dogmatics or Dogmatic theology, and Science of creeds etc. The practical theology is a discipline to offer many guidances concerning the practical matters of the christian churches. Its subject is to establish order of the thinking activity in feeling[Gefühl], and to guide it to the goal of the churches. In this discipline the concordance of the ecclesiastical interest and the scientifical mind is very important. It has many discipline, such as Homiletics, Pastoral science, Catechism, and The theory of Evangelism(Mission) etc. What specificity does have the structure of theology in Schleiermacher and also what is its contemporary significance? First of all, according to him the philosophical theology is a discipline to be carried on with first priority to the other disciplines of theology in all theological studies. Because if the christian theology is accomplished in the state that the nature of Christianity has not been examined, it may be changed into the non-christian theology. And because only when the other disciplines of theology establish relations with the philosophical theology organically, the unity of the christian theology can be maintained. In this points, we can say that the discipline called the fundamental theology[F u n d a m e t a l t h e o l g i e] which Gerhrd Ebeling advocates recently is suggested from the philosophical theology of Schleiermacher. Second, according to Schleiermacher the dogmatic theology or Dogmatics lies in the discipline of the historical theology. It is a refutation against the standpoints to understand that the dogmatic theology is a discipline to be applicable to every times and that it is the theology itself. Finally Schleiermacher considered the practical theology as a discipline of theology. Before him, the practical theology was a mere technique to apply the theological theories into the life of the human being. Schleiermacher emphasizes that three disciplines of theology have to maintain an organic unity among them under the principle of the direction of church. According to him the historical theology presupposes the philosophical theology, practical theology presupposes the historical theology. So he represented the relationship among them by metaphor of a tree, that is, the philosophical is a root, the historical theology is a body, and the practical theology is a crown. Furthermore when Schleiermacher describes the various subordinate disciplines in the three disciplines of theology, he often attempts to maintain the relation of the tensional unity [Spannungse i n h e i t] among disciplines or many-sided matters. In this point of view, I think that the theological methodology of Schleiermacher is the relation of the tension-unity.