문화도(kul’turnost’) 개념을 중심으로 본 스탈린체제의 일상생활
Exploration on the Everyday Lives in Stalin’s Times Focusing on the Concept of kul’turnost’
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이 논문은 문화도 개념을 통해 스탈린 체제 일상의 역동성을 해명하려고 한다. 문화도는 1930년대 스탈린 체제가 정립하고자 했던 구체적 삶의 양식을 규정하는 하나의 척도였다. 사회주의 체제를 완성해가는 과정의 인민으로서 누려야 할 생활수준, 의식정도, 교육의 수준 등이 문화도를 통해 표현되어야 했다. 그렇지만 체제 인민의 구체적 삶의 양식은 체제가 기대했던 문화도의 수준과 비교할 때 미흡한 부분이 많았다. 이상을 구현하기위한 정책과 이에 대한 아래로부터의 다양한 대응이 있었다. 문화도는 이런 면에서 체제의 공고함을 유지하기 위한 다양한 전략을 포괄하며 이에 대한 인민의 구체적 대응을 파악할 수 있게 하는 유용한 개념이다. 스탈린 체제는 문화도의 향상을 위해 교육체제의 정립, 체제의 가치를 확인할 수 있는집단의식의 개최, 체제의 공고화에 기여하는 선도집단에 대한 물질적 특혜 등을 부여했다. 위로부터의 문화도 향상을 위한 정책적 수단과 더불어 체제가치를 수용하기 위한 인민의 자발적 노력도 있었다. 그렇지만 스탈린 체제 인민의 일상에서는 문화도의 향상을저해하는 양상들도 적지 않게 존재했다. 인민 모두가 소비수준의 차별이 없어야 했지만정치권력과의 관계에 따라 소비수준은 상이했다. 또한 여행, 휴양지의 이용에 있어서도인민 모두가 평등한 기회를 누리지는 못했다. 스탈린 체제는 이렇게 문화도 향상을 통해체제의 공고화를 달성하려는 노력과 인민의 일상생활에서 이를 저해하는 구체적 모습들이 공존하는 체제였다. 일상생활의 측면에서 문화도의 향상을 위한 체제의 노력과 이에 대한 인민의 구체적 대응은 스탈린 체제의 역동성을 드러내는 또 하나의 단서인 것이다.
Abstract
This paper attempts to explore everyday lives in Stalin’s times borrowing from the concept of kul’turnost’. Kul’turnost’ can be defined as the term pointing to the level of a person’s or a group’s culture and education that the Soviet power wanted to consolidate in the society. Kul’turnost’ can be utilized as a way to look at the dynamic relationship between power and ordinary people. State power in Stalin's times had relatively more possibilities to intervene in everyday lives of the people, which did not mean that the ordinary people were merely subjected to the compulsory will of the state. As they struggled to maintain their ordinary everyday lives in extraordinary times, the condition of which could be defined by the deficit of everyday necessities and the malfunction of official supply system, they employed everyday forms of resistance in order to maintain their lives. They actively utilized their personal networks that made it possible to acquire more material abundances and enjoy more comfortable leisure time, the meaning of which their kul’turnost’ was far from behind the expected level. Their strategies in short were kinds of distraction from the official ideology emphasizing the value of collective consciousness and the principle of class priority. Stalin’s government in return employed various means to improve the retarded level of kul’turnost’. The state power tried to instill the loyal contribution of the people by holding mass celebration and granting material benefits to the exemplary achieving great productivities. Besides the attempt to consolidate the system from the above, there were some people actively internalize the Stalinist value and ideology. These people were “speaking Bolsheviks” as a way of expression to appraise the achievements and progress made by the Stalinist state system. As such, these two aspects of everyday lives of ordinary people give us insights to appreciate the cultural dynamics of Stalin’s times, which were deeply related to the political power and social position of the people. Examination on everyday lives of people in Stalin’s times give us chances to comprehend the complex and multi-layer relationships in everyday lives of ordinary people.
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