20세기 후반이후, 예멘의 정치변동과 역내 패권경쟁
Political Changes and Regional Hegemony Competition in Yemen since the late-20th Century
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2015년 3월 이후 계속되는 예멘 내전은 수그러들 기미가 보이지 않는다. 미국과 유럽의 자금지원을 받는 ACLED(the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project) 발표에 따르면, 예멘인들이 2015년 3 월부터 2019년 6월 중순까지 민간인들과 전투원들을 합쳐 9만 1천 6백명이 사망했다(ACLED 2019; MAGDY 2019). 유엔 관계자에 따르면, 예멘의 인도주의적 위기는 세계 최악이며, 3천만 명에 가까운 예멘 주민의3분의 2가 굶주리고 있다. 이러한 이유로, 5년 이상 사우디가 주도하는 아랍연합군과 북서부 예멘에 기반을 둔 후티(Houthis)의 분쟁이 국제적인 관심을 끌고 있다. 2012년 2월 21일 압드라보 만수르 하디(예멘공화국대통령:2012.02.27.-현재, 부통령:1994.10.03.-2012.02.27)는 단독 후보로출마한 대통령 선거에서 2년간의 과도기간 동안 예멘공화국 대통령으로선출되었으나, 임기 만료 후에도 대통령직을 계속 유지하고 있다. 결국2014년 9월, 후티 반군이 수도 사나를 점령했다. 2015년 1월 22일, 후티는 하디 대통령을 사임시켜 가택 연금하고, 혁명위원회를 구성하여 대통령 권한을 대행하게 만들었다. 2월 하디는 자신의 고향인 아덴으로 탈출해 사임을 철회하고, 후티의 정권 탈취를 맹비난하였다. 2015년 3월 25 일 후티가 아덴을 공격하자, 하디는 보트를 타고 사우디로 탈출하였다. 이 때 사우디가 아랍연합군을 조직하여 하디정부를 복귀시키고, 사나와주요 도시들로부터 후티 전사들을 축출하기 위하여 군사공격을 시작하였다. 이러한 이유로 예멘 내전을 사우디가 주도하는 아랍연합 대 후티의구조로 보는 경향이 있다(Sharp 2020, Apr. 23). 그러나 실제 내전 상황은 조금 더 복잡하다. 하드라마우트에 기반을 두고 활동하는 아라비아반도의 알카에다(AQAP, Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen)와 예멘 ISIL(Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant–Yemen Province)도 서로 경쟁하면서, 영토 장악을 위하여 후티 혹은 하디 정부세력들과 전투를 벌이고 있다. AQAP는 사우디와 예멘의 북부경계-중부내륙-남부해안가를 남북으로 잇는 상당한 영토를 장악하고 있다.
Abstract
As analyzing the history of the integration and separation of North Yemen and South Yemen since the 1970s, this paper is intended to correctly diagnose the current conflict situations, and to foresee the future. The paper first analyzes the integration efforts of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen-Socialist State) since the 1970s. Second, it will analyze the process of integrating North Yemen and South Yemen in 1990 and the process of creating Republic of Yemen. Finally, to find out the cause of the failure of the unification of the two Yemens, three parliamentary elections, a renewed civil war and the process of organizing the southern separated independence movement are analyzed.
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