13세기 김구(金坵)의 역사의식
A Study on 13th Century Kim Gu's Historical Consciousness
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초록
김구가 활동한 13세기의 고려 사회는 대내외적으로 혼란한 시기로서 지식인들의 역사의식이 적극적으로 요청되는 때였다. 혼란한 국정 상황이 이어진 무신 통치 시기의 대표적 문사로서 이규보, 최자, 김구 등을 들 수 있다. 이규보는 크게 뛰어난 문장가였고, 이규보의 추천을 통해 관직에 발을 들여놓은 최자는 당시 문인들의 잘못된 풍습을 통렬하게 지적하였다. 이규보와 최자를 뒤이어 김구는 이 시기 대표적 문장가로 손꼽힌다. 김구는 22세에 과거에 급제한 후 이규보의 추천에 의해 관직생활에 발을 들여놓게 되었다. 1239년 김구는 제주 판관을 거쳐 개경으로 돌아와 한림원에 들어가 문사(文士)로서 활동을 시작하였다. 그는 다양한 관작을 경유하면서 1278년 세상을 떠날 때까지 대략 20년 동안 고려조정에서 일정한 정치적 영향력을 발휘하였다. 13세기라는 혼란스러운 시기에 삶을 영위한 김구는 대내외적 여건에 굴하거나 회피하지 않고 나름대로 적합한 대응 방안을 모색하는 모습을 보여주었다. 당시는 대몽항쟁기로서 무엇보다 국가의 안위가 위태로운 상황이었다. 이에 김구는 대몽 외교문서 작성에 지대한 역할을 수행함으로써 원나라 황제와 관인으로부터 문장력을 인정받을 정도였다. 국가의 위태로움을 이겨내는 문장이었다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 김구의 대몽의식은 뒷날 몽골로 보내는 외교문서를 작성할 때 국가와 민족의 자존심을 최대한 지킬 것을 고려하면서도 원나라 황제를 잘 설득하여 실질적으로 국익을 추구하는 외교를 펼치는 방향으로 나아갔다. 김구의 대외의식은 무엇보다 국가를 보전하고 백성들을 살리기 위하여 피할 수 없는 선택이었다. 이는 현실적 여건 아래에서 종합적으로 고려하여 선택한 일로서 보국안민을 위한 대외의식의 전환을 모색한 것으로 판단된다.
Abstract
Goryeo society in the 13th century, when Kim Gu was active, was a period of confusion both internally and externally, and it was a time when intellectuals' historical consciousness was actively requested. Representative literary works during the period of military rule, which was followed by chaotic state affairs, include Lee Kyu-bo, Choi Ja, and Kim Gu. Lee Kyu-bo was a highly outstanding writer, and Choi Ja, who entered the government through Lee Kyu-bo's recommendation, wrote a poem at the time and pointed out the abolition of writers who had been engaged in the Yumpoongnongwol. Following Lee Kyu-bo and Choi Ja, Kim Gu is considered one of the representative writers of this period. Kim Gu entered the civil service at the age of 22 at the recommendation of Lee Gyu-bo after passing the civil service examination. In 1239, Kim Gu returned to Gaegyeong through Jeju Pangwan and entered Hallymwon and began his career as a literary artist. It is thought that he exerted a certain political influence in the Goryeo Dynasty for about 20 years until his death in 1278, passing through various officialdom. Kim Gu, who lived his life during the chaotic period of the 13th century, showed that he did not succumb to or avoid internal and external conditions and sought his own appropriate countermeasures. At that time, the national safety was in jeopardy above all because of the Great Dream Uprising. As a result, Kim Gu played a significant role in writing diplomatic documents for Daemong, and his writing ability was even recognized by the Yuan emperor and government officials. It can be said that it was a sentence that overcame the precariousness of the country. In short, the 13th century, when Kim Gu lived, was a time of deep darkness when Genghis Khan's Mongolian army invaded Goryeo and caused a war. Kim Gu was 22 years old when the Goryeo Dynasty reluctantly transferred to Ganghwa due to Mongolia's invasion. This was the time when he started his government career after passing the past exam. Kim Gu's social life was under the conditions of the Daemong Uprising. Kim Gu's grand dream consciousness was an inevitable choice to preserve the country and save the people above all else. This was chosen comprehensively under realistic conditions, and it is believed that he sought to change his external consciousness for the people of national security. Kim Gu recognized the reality of Mongolia and showed his faithfulness when the policy of Goryeo Dynasty was converted to diplomacy. This did not abandon the sense of hostility toward Mongolia, but it should be interpreted as a ritual expression for Mongolia because it aims for the people of the country as an official in charge of preparing diplomatic documents.