淸代 對러시아 外交의 성격과 그 변화―制約大臣과 交換 條約文의 言語를 중심으로
A Study on the Qing Officials and Languages in the Diplomatic Negotiations with Russia
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모든 서양 국가들이 19세기 중엽 ‘불평등조약체제’가 성립한 뒤에야 비로소 淸과 공식적인 외교관계를 시작했던 것은 아니다. 서양 열강 가운데 러시아는 이미 오래 전에 청과 공식적인 외교관계를 맺은 상태였다. 그것은 또한 본질적으로 ‘朝貢體制’가 아닌 ‘條約體制’였으며, 이는 <네르친스크條約>(1689년)과 <캬흐타條約>(1727년)에 의해 성립한 것이었으므로 ‘네르친스크-캬흐타條約體制’라고 부를 수 있을 것이다. ‘네르친스크-캬흐타條約體制’가 유지되던 시기 淸의 對러시아 외교 운영에서 교섭의 주체는 滿洲人 관료였으며, 滿洲語를 중심으로 러시아語, 몽골語, 라틴語 등의 언어가 交換 條約文의 언어로 사용되었다. 즉 청은 對러시아 외교 운영에서 ‘漢人과 漢文의 배제’를 원칙으로 삼고 있었으며, 이 원칙은 ‘네르친스크-캬흐타條約體制’를 청의 입장에서 볼 때 중요한 특징 가운데 하나였다. 그러나 1858~ 1860년에 걸쳐 ‘天津-北京條約體制’가 성립하면서 ‘漢人과 漢文의 배제’ 원칙은 形骸化의 운명을 맞이하였다. 다만 국경조약들이 예외가 되었을 뿐, ‘天津-北京條約體制’ 아래에서 교환 조약문의 언어는 만주어로부터 한문으로 바뀌었으며 1881년 <상ㆍ뻬쩨르부르끄條約> 이후 교섭의 주체는 滿洲人 관료가 아니라 漢人 관료로 변화되었다.
Abstract
It was the mid-19th century that the Western countries established official diplomatic relationship with the Qing, which was forced to accept the so- called 'unequal treaty system'. Russia, however, had been enjoying an exceptional diplomatic and commercial relations with the Qing, not under 'the tributary system' but under 'the treaty system', since the late 1680s. This treaty system can be named 'the Nerchinsk-Kyakhta Treaty System' after the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 and the Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727, which were signed and sealed by the two empires. As a result of this research on the Qing representatives and languages in the diplomatic negotiations with Russia before the mid-19th century, it has been disclosed that under 'the Nerchinsk-Kyakhta Treaty System', the Qing diplomatic negotiations with Russia were carried out not by Han Chinese officials but by Manchu and Mongol officials with no exception, and that the texts of all the Qing-Russia treaties were written in the non-Chinese languages, such as Manchu, Mongol, Russian, and Latin. This means that the Qing court regarded the diplomatic affairs with Russia as a non-Chinese business and carefully excluded the Han Chinese officials from the appointments of its diplomatic missions as long as they were concerned with Russia. The Qing court abided by this principle of exclusion of both the Han Chinese officials and the Han Chinese Language until the mid-19th century, when 'the Nerchinsk-Kyakhta Treaty System' was replaced by the so-called 'Tianjin-Beijing Treaty System'. With some exceptions of the negotiations for redrawing borderlines with on-the-spot investigations, the Qing court appointed Han Chinese officials as its representatives and the Han Chinese took the place of the Manchu as the language of the treaty texts.
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