핵 문제의 북-러 관계사, 1945~1993년
A Nuclear History of the Russo-North Korea Relations, 1945~1993
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초록
소련은 1956년대 중반부터 북한에 기초적 수준의 핵 지식과 기술을 지원하면서 북한의 핵 프로그램에 관여해 왔다. 그러나 이후 북한-중국 유착 가능성, 핵무기 개발 기술의 유출 가능성 등을 고려하여, 북한의 원자로 지원요청을 거부하거나 소극적 지원으로 일관했다. 1960년대 북한이 핵무기에 대한 관심을 구체적으로 표출하기 시작했을 때에도 소련은 냉소적이었다. 나아가 핵무기 관련 기술과 물질을 북한에 유출하지 못하도록 동유럽 국가들을 강력하게 통제했다. 1980년대 초, 중반 소련의 격변기와 세계적인 긴장 완화의 시기에 북한은 소련에 다시 접근하여, 핵기술과 원자로, 핵연료 등에 관한 소련의 지원 약속을 확보했다. 그러나 소련은 북한의 호전적 자세와 채무불이행에 대한 종래의 불신을 버리지 않았고, 결국 소련은 지원 중단을 선언했다. 본고는 1945~93년 동안 소련(러시아)이 북한의 핵 프로그램 지원 요청을 다양한 이유로 견제, 거부했다는 점을 각종 자료를 통해 논증하고, 핵 문제의 북-러 관계는 냉전 시대의 동서대결 구조가 아니라 북-러 고유의 상호관계 속에서 진행되어 왔음을 강조한다.
Abstract
The Soviet Union has been involved in North Korea's nuclear program since the mid-1950s by supporting basic nuclear knowledge and technology to North Korea. However, considering the possibility of North Korea's possibility of adhesion of China and the leakage of nuclear weapons development technology, it has rejected North Korea’s requests for nuclear reactors and has been consistent with reluctant assistance. The Soviet Union was cynical and suspicious when North Korea began to express its interest in nuclear weapons in the 1960s. Furthermore, it strictly controlled the Eastern European countries to prevent nuclear weapons related technologies and materials from leaking to North Korea. In the early and mid-1980s, during the period of the drastic power succession of the Soviet Union and global detente, North Korea approached the Soviet Union again to secure a commitment to aid nuclear technology, reactors, and fuels. However, conventionally distrustful of North Korea's militant posture and default, the Soviet Union declared suspension of nuclear aid program. This paper argues that the Soviet Union has rejected the North Korea's requests for nuclear program for various reasons from the 1950s to 1990s, and emphasize that the USSR-North Korea relations of the nuclear issue have been conducted in the unique inter-relationships of both countries, not in the East-West confrontations of the Cold War era.
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