본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

북한 핵프로그램의 시작과 성장:1950-1960년대를 중심으로

The Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons: The Beginning and Growth of North Korea’s Nuclear Program in the 1950’s and 1960’s

0

조회

0

다운로드

7

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정치외교학

초록

1950-1960년대 미국과 소련은 핵에너지의 평화적 이용이라는 명목 하에 우호국들에 대한 정치적 호혜로서 핵기술을 경쟁적으로 전파하였다. 북한 역시 소련으로부터 핵기술 지원을 받는 국가 중 하나였으며 두브나에 세워진 핵연합연구소의 창립 멤버로서 원자력 기술 습득의 기회를 얻게 되었다. 1960년대에 들어 북한의 국제정세에 대한 위협인식은 점차 고조되었고 북한은 에너지원이 아닌 미국의 핵위협을 억제하기 위한 안보수단으로서 핵무기를 강력히 희망하게 되었다. 그러나 당시 미국과의 관계개선에 초점을 맞추고 있던 소련은 북한의 안보 불안감을 정확히 이해하지 못했으며 동맹국의 방기 위협에 대해 적절한 상응조치를 취하지 않으면서 양국 관계는 점차 악화되었다. 또한 사회주의 진영에서 북한의 낮은 영향력, 강한 친중적 성향, 국제사회에 대한 폐쇄성과 낙후된 경제력 등은 소련과 소련의 위성국들이 북한에 핵기술 지원을 망설이게 되는 중요한 이유가 되었다. 그러나 결과적으로 북한의 안보위협인식에 대한 몰이해는 북한의 호전적 성향을 강화시킨 셈이 되었다. 북한은 경제발전에 일부 제약을 받더라도 우선적으로 국방력을 강화할 것임을 분명히 하고 병진노선을 주창하였다. 중국, 소련과 사회주의 국가들의 지원 거절이 있을 때마다 북한은 자력갱생과 자주노선에 힘을 싣게 되었으며 제한된 지원과 자체적인 능력에 의존하여 핵무기를 개발하는 방향으로 나아가게 되었다.

Abstract

In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union competitively spread nuclear technology to friendly countries under the name of peaceful use of nuclear energy. North Korea was one of the countries receiving nuclear technology aid from the Soviet Union and was given a chance to acquire nuclear technology as a founding member of the United Institute for Nuclear Research built in Dubna. During the 1960s, threat perceptions of North Korea toward the international situation were gradually escalating and it became strongly longing for acquisition of nuclear weapons as security measures to deter the U.S. nuclear threat, not as a source of energy. However, the Soviet Union, whose primary goal was improving relations with the U.S. at the time, was not successful to correctly understand security anxiety of North Korea and did not implement proper corresponding measures against fear of abandonment of its small ally gradually worsening bilateral ties. In addition, a weak influence of North Korea in the socialist bloc, its strong pro-China stance, unfriendly attitude toward the international community and fragile economy have been important reasons for the Soviet Union and its satellite states to hesitate to provide nuclear technology aid to North Korea. However, the socialist bloc’s lack of understanding threat perception of North Korea has strengthened its belligerent tendency. North Korea has made it clear that it will overbearingly strengthen its defense capabilities in spite of a slowdown in economic growth, advocating Byeongjin Line. Whenever there was a rejection of economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union, China, and other socialist countries, North Korea was forced to reinvent itself and develop nuclear weapons, relying on limited aid and its own capabilities.

참고문헌 (31)

  1. 돈 오버도퍼, "두 개의 한국" (2014), 길산
  2. 박종철, "헝가리의 북조선 관련 기밀해제문건" (2013), 선인
  3. Armstrong, Charls K., "Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World 1950-1992" (2013), Cornell University Press
  4. Moltz, James Clay, "The North Korean Nuclear Program: Security, Strategy, and Perspectives from Russia" (2000), Routledge
  5. Radchenko, Sergey, "Two Suns in the Heavens: the Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962-1967" (2009), Woodrow Wilson Center, Stanford University Press
  6. Zubok, Vladislav, "Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev" (1996), Harvard University Press
  7. 도지인, "Nuclear Weapons as Ideology: The Formation of North Korean Nuclear Independence, 1962-1964", Seoul Journal of Korean Studies, 28(2), pp.181~212 (2015), 규장각한국학연구원[DOI]
  8. Alexandre Mansourov, "NORTH KOREA’S ROAD TO THE ATOMIC BOMB", International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 13(1), pp.21~58 (2004), 통일연구원
  9. North Korea’s Efforts to Acquire Nuclear Technology and Nuclear Weapons: Evidence from Russian and Hungarian Archives, "Szalontai, Balázs", ~, pp.Cold War International History Project Working Paper. No. 53 (2006)
  10. 김일성, "대학의 교육교양사업과 과학연구사업을 강화할데 대하여 (김일성종합대학 교직원, 학생들과 한 담화, 1955년 7월 1일)" (1997), 조선로동당출판사
  11. 김일성, "국가활동의 모든 분야에서 자주, 자립, 자위의 혁명정신을 더욱 철저히 구현하자 (조선민주주의인민공화국 최고인민회의 제4차 제1차회의에서 발표한 조선민주주 의인민공화국 정부정강, 1967년 12월 16일)" (2001), 조선로동 당출판사
  12. "노동신문", ~
  13. "조선중앙년감 1966-67" (1967), 조선중앙통신사
  14. "조선중앙년감 1968" (1969), 조선중앙통신사
  15. "조선중앙년감 1971" (1971), 조선중앙통신사
  16. "조선중앙년감 1974" (1974), 조선중앙통신사
  17. "“Conversation between Soviet Ambassador in North Korea Vasily Moskovsky and German Ambassador Schneidewind,” September 20, 1962, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, AVPRF, fond 0102, opis 18, papka 93, delo 5, listy 65-66", ~
  18. "“Information on the Korean Workers’ Party,” October 1966, AQPPSH, MPP Korese, D 10, V. 1966", ~
  19. "“Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry,” March 13, 1967, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, MOL, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1967, 61. doboz, 5, 002126", 1967, 1967
  20. "“Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry,” February 29, 1968, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, MOL, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1968, 58. doboz, 2, 001872", 1968, 1968
  21. "Conversation between Soviet Ambassador in North Korea Vasily Moskovsky and North Korean Foreign Minister Pak Seongcheol, 24 August 1962, AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 18, Papka 93, Delo 5, Listy 22-23", ~
  22. "Conversation between Soviet Ambassador in North Korea Vasily Moskovsky and the German Ambassador, 26 August 1963, AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 19, Papka 97, Delo 5, List 93", ~
  23. "Conversation between Soviet Ambassador in North Korea Vasily Moskovsky and Soviet Specialists in North Korea, 16 October 1963, AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 19, Papka 97, Delo 5, List 185", ~
  24. "Conversation between Soviet Ambassador in North Korea Vasily Moskovsky and Soviet Specialists in North Korea, 27 September 1963, AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 19, Papka 97, Delo 5, Listy 161-162", ~
  25. "From the Journal of Gromyko, Record of a Conversation with Ambassador Ri Sin-Pal of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, April 28, 1958, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 14, Delo 4, P", ~
  26. "Memorandum of a Conversation between the Czech Ambassador to the DPRK, Comrade Moravec, with the Soviet Ambassador, Comrade Moskovskii, and the GDR Ambassador Comrade Becker, on 23.Ⅳ.1963. May 16, 1963, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, State Central Archive, Prague, File A. Novotny, Foreign Affairs, KPDR", ~
  27. "Record of Conversation between Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Vasily Kuznetsov and the North Korean Ambassador to the Soviet Union Kim Pyeongchaek, 21 May 1965, AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 21, Papka 105, Delo 32, List 21", ~
  28. "Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, August 1962, MOL, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 11. doboz, 24", b, 002304, RT, pp.1962
  29. "Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, 22 November 1973, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1973, 69. doboz, 81-20, 00804", 7 (1973), ~
  30. "Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, 30 July 1975, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1975, 83. doboz, 81-10, 002835", 8 (1975), ~
  31. "Report, Embassy of Hungary in North Korea to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, 8 May 1967, XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1967, 60. doboz, 40, 002128", 1, pp.1967 (1967), ~

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)