16~17세기 ‘서원제도’ 보급 과정

Abstract

'The private academy system' of the Chosŏn Dynasty which combines 'a shrine', space for rural community enlightenment, with 'a private academy' space for 'cultivating talent' was created by the Chosŏn government's effort to achieve a political goal of distributing confucian ideology to rural communities. The private academy system of the Chosŏn Dynasty was the 'organization' for enlightening rural communities and selecting talent to distribute 'confucian ideology' to society. 'Talent' selected by Chosŏn government's political plans means 'local noblemen.' In return for guarantee of 'autonomy' from the Chosŏn government, 'local noblemen' had to be responsible for roles and duties to assist the local governments to distribute and realize its policies to rural communities. The space that a series of these tasks was arranged was the very 'private academy.' 'The private academy system' of the Chosŏn Dynasty was closely related with 'noblemen' who was the 'social class.' The Chosŏn government already tried to utilize 'private academies' as space to 'select' 'local noblemen' from the beginning. And 'the private academy system' was operated with 'flexibility' which was not prescribed by 'the national law' under this purpose. In these characteristics of 'the private academy system', 'local noblemen' had to make a ceaseless effort to stick to their 'autonomy' granted by the government and secure their social status called the mandator of 'establishing order of rural communities'. A series of 'noblemen's efforts appear in 'the private academy system', which can be described as local noblemen's 'private academy movement.' By the way, Local noblemen's 'private academy movement' set another task to the Chosŏn government. It is the 'Private Academy Namseol' phenomenon and the 'Confucians Shrined-centered privatization (私黨)' phenomenon that were raised by Gyeongsang Governor Lim Dam on August in the 22th year of the reign of Injo of Chosŏn. Among them, the most urgent issue before the Chosŏn government was the 'Private Academy Namseol' phenomenon related to efficiency of local financial allocations. Therefore, Lim Dam suggested 'the license system of building private academies' to solve this problem but it was not very effective. In the end, this problem continued to the 19th century and was barely solved after so-called 'work to abolish private academies' was executed in the 7th year of the reign of Gojong of Korea.