19세기 말 영국 우생학의 탄생과 사회적 영향 ― 국가적 효율과 우생학적 건강 ―
The Birth and Social Effects of the UK Eugenics Movement at the end of the 19th Century ― National Efficiency and Eugenical Health ―
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The purpose of this paper is to highlight the fact that the science of eugenics in the UK has been imbedded with sociocultural values and ideologies of the imperial kingdom, and prepare a stepping stone to critically examine the role of genetics and biotechnology in modern society. Science and the society have always justified and reinforced each other by claiming the significance of implementing science for society, which was considered objective, neutral and certain. Yet, science was often used as a tool to oppress the weak within the society; and the usage of eugenics, a science for the improvement of human beings, clearly showed such problematic signs in the UK society. Eugenicists of the UK insisted that biological unfitness should be artificially removed from the society for national efficiency. In the name of science, then, biological differences were typified into the rationale of social discrimination against the unfit, namely the underprivileged. And the eugenicists's aspiration seems to be back with a vengeance in many sectors of the contemporary society. The expectations for enhanced human capacity and improved national efficiency which were seen in the historical context of the UK prevail in today's society under the agenda of biotechnology and the discourse of genetic determinism. History is not simply a by-gone text of a foreign land but repetitive and present, here and now.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the fact that the science of eugenics in the UK has been imbedded with sociocultural values and ideologies of the imperial kingdom, and prepare a stepping stone to critically examine the role of genetics and biotechnology in modern society. Science and the society have always justified and reinforced each other by claiming the significance of implementing science for society, which was considered objective, neutral and certain. Yet, science was often used as a tool to oppress the weak within the society; and the usage of eugenics, a science for the improvement of human beings, clearly showed such problematic signs in the UK society. Eugenicists of the UK insisted that biological unfitness should be artificially removed from the society for national efficiency. In the name of science, then, biological differences were typified into the rationale of social discrimination against the unfit, namely the underprivileged. And the eugenicists's aspiration seems to be back with a vengeance in many sectors of the contemporary society. The expectations for enhanced human capacity and improved national efficiency which were seen in the historical context of the UK prevail in today's society under the agenda of biotechnology and the discourse of genetic determinism. History is not simply a by-gone text of a foreign land but repetitive and present, here and now.
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