‘외적에 대한 공포(metus hostilis)’와 로마 공화정 쇠퇴의 상관관계에 대한 살루스티우스의 해석
Sallustius’ View on metus hostilis and the Decline of the Roman Republic
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Carthage who had collided with Rome for over a century from 264 BCE on, was finally defeated by Rome in 146 BCE and integrated into the Roman Empire. The fall of Carthage is perpetually remembered as a symbolic event by which Rome’s supremacy in the Mediterranean world was confirmed. The victory in 146 BCE was at the same time considered as the beginning of the Roman Republic’s decline and fall. At least that was the opinion of the historian Sallutius Crispus. He paid great attention to explore and record the signs and symptoms of the corruption and decline that coloured Roman society and its citizens ever since the defeat of her arch-enemy Carthage. Sallust said that the most fundamental cause of the late Roman republic’s moral decline and fierce internal conflict was the disappearance of ‘metus hostilis (fear of external enemies),’ especially the fear for the powerful enemy Carthage. In all his historical works Sallust constantly claimed that it was the threat from foreign enemies that played an important role in helping Roman citizens to promote collective unity through common good and for the Republic. However, as Rome gained dominance in the Mediterranean, such ‘fear’ was removed. Furthermore, as peace and material abundance persisted, Roman society was soon overwhelmed with greed, ambition, and discord amongst its own citizens. The purpose of this article is to explore how Sallust explained the concept of ‘metus hostilis’ in his own historical works and what it means for modern scholars in understanding the history of the Roman Republic. To accomplish this aim, first, Roman writers before and after Sallust will be examined by focusing on how they perceived the threat of powerful external enemies and its influence over the Roman Republic. This will provide a helpful and broader context for Sallust’s historical insight. The next section deals with how Sallust describes the dynamics between the fear of external enemies and the historical changes in Roman society in the late Republic period. In this section, the focus will be laid mainly upon Sallust’s two later works, Bellum Iugurthinum (41-42) and Historiae (1.11-12M), in order to understand similarities and dissimilarities of Sallust’s views on the impact of ‘metus hostilis’ with other writers who are explored in the second section. Based on this, the final section will investigate how Sallust’s view on the influence of ‘fear for enemies’ over the Roman Republican history was embodied in selecting and recording actual historical events in his works. It will be also demonstrated how his interpretation of the historical development of Roman society was influenced by historical reality (not only by his own moral judgement) of the late Republic through analysing the popular speeches delivered by the two plebeian tribunes Gaius Memmius (BJ 31) and Licinius Macer (Historiae 3.48M).
Abstract
Carthage who had collided with Rome for over a century from 264 BCE on, was finally defeated by Rome in 146 BCE and integrated into the Roman Empire. The fall of Carthage is perpetually remembered as a symbolic event by which Rome’s supremacy in the Mediterranean world was confirmed. The victory in 146 BCE was at the same time considered as the beginning of the Roman Republic’s decline and fall. At least that was the opinion of the historian Sallutius Crispus. He paid great attention to explore and record the signs and symptoms of the corruption and decline that coloured Roman society and its citizens ever since the defeat of her arch-enemy Carthage. Sallust said that the most fundamental cause of the late Roman republic’s moral decline and fierce internal conflict was the disappearance of ‘metus hostilis (fear of external enemies),’ especially the fear for the powerful enemy Carthage. In all his historical works Sallust constantly claimed that it was the threat from foreign enemies that played an important role in helping Roman citizens to promote collective unity through common good and for the Republic. However, as Rome gained dominance in the Mediterranean, such ‘fear’ was removed. Furthermore, as peace and material abundance persisted, Roman society was soon overwhelmed with greed, ambition, and discord amongst its own citizens. The purpose of this article is to explore how Sallust explained the concept of ‘metus hostilis’ in his own historical works and what it means for modern scholars in understanding the history of the Roman Republic. To accomplish this aim, first, Roman writers before and after Sallust will be examined by focusing on how they perceived the threat of powerful external enemies and its influence over the Roman Republic. This will provide a helpful and broader context for Sallust’s historical insight. The next section deals with how Sallust describes the dynamics between the fear of external enemies and the historical changes in Roman society in the late Republic period. In this section, the focus will be laid mainly upon Sallust’s two later works, Bellum Iugurthinum (41-42) and Historiae (1.11-12M), in order to understand similarities and dissimilarities of Sallust’s views on the impact of ‘metus hostilis’ with other writers who are explored in the second section. Based on this, the final section will investigate how Sallust’s view on the influence of ‘fear for enemies’ over the Roman Republican history was embodied in selecting and recording actual historical events in his works. It will be also demonstrated how his interpretation of the historical development of Roman society was influenced by historical reality (not only by his own moral judgement) of the late Republic through analysing the popular speeches delivered by the two plebeian tribunes Gaius Memmius (BJ 31) and Licinius Macer (Historiae 3.48M).
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