원 간섭기 고려 왕실의 티베트불교 수용과 밀교의례의 확산

Abstract

Exchanges between Mongolia-Yuan (元) and Goryoe (高麗) during the period of Yuan's intervention brought many changes to politics, society, culture, and ideology of Goryeo. Buddhist community of Goryeo was also changed in various ways by accepting new ideological trends. The aim of this study was to examine changes to the Buddhist community of Goryeo, mainly focusing on Esoteric Buddhism and rituals. Tibetan Buddhism was first introduced to Goryeo during the reign of King Wonjong (元宗). After royal marriage of King Chungryeol (忠烈王), the culture of Tibetan Buddhism was imported into Goryeo in full scale. In the first year of King Chungryeol's rule, Avalokiteśvara painted in Tibetan Buddhist style was introduced to the royal family of Goryeo. A Tibetan Buddhist monk who was originally from Goryeo received a warm welcome. Hyeonseong-sa (賢聖寺), a traditional temple of Esoteric Buddhism built in the early days of Goryeo, attracted the attention of Princess Jeguk-daejang (齊國大長公主) who did not pay frequent visits to the temple but managed to visit it at every crucial moment in her life. The temple had some elements that made her stable psychologically since she was a believer of Tibetan Buddhism. King Chungseon (忠宣王) received a precept from a Tibetan Buddhist monk along with King Chungryeol and Princess Gyeguk-daejang (薊國大長公主). Those findings showed that the royal family of Goryeo had diverse human and cultural exchanges with Yuan and accepted Tibetan Buddhism during the period of Yuan's intervention. Although the acceptance of Tibetan Buddhism by the royal family of Goryeo did not change the ideological tendency of Buddhist community in the nation, it contributed to the spread of esoteric faith in the Goryeo society that became familiar to Tibetan Buddhism. This was confirmed in the aspect of rituals. There were changes to the nature of Buddhist rituals during the period of Yuan's intervention. National-level Buddhist rituals were reduced first for various reasons while esoteric rituals started to spread. Direct evidence was found in the records made in the year when King Chungseon who received a precept from a Tibetan Buddhist monk came to throne. His example revealed private religious patterns of the royal family. Furthermore, Buddhist monks of non-esoteric sects held esoteric rituals. The people of Goryeo became familiar with mysterious and incantatory faiths after the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism, which led to the spread of old esoteric rituals beyond sectarian boundary.