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디지털 권위주의의 정치적 효과: 이론과 실제

The Political Effects of Digital Authoritarianism: Theory and Practice

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주제분류사회과학일반

초록

디지털 기술이 권위주의 정권의 민주화에 기여할 것이라는 초기의 낙관적인 견해 와 달리, 최근 많은 권위주의 국가에서는 디지털 기술을 적극적으로 활용하여 정 권을 더욱 공고히 하는 이른바 “디지털 권위주의”의 양상이 나타나고 있다. 본 논 문은 권위주의 생존에 대한 비교정치학 내의 이론적 논의를 적용하여, 권위주의 정권의 디지털 기술 사용이 시민과 통치엘리트로부터 제기되는 정권에 대한 위협 을 약화시키고 이들에 대한 억압과 포섭의 수단으로 기능함으로써 권위주의 정권 의 안정성에 어떻게 기여하는지를 이론화한다. 또한 개별 국가 및 지역에 대한 정 성적 사례분석에 그치고 있는 기존 연구의 한계에 주목하면서, 향후 경험적이고 총체적인 연구를 위해 디지털 권위주의에 관한 국가간 정량적 데이터와 지표들 및 이를 활용한 간단한 기술통계를 소개하고자 한다. 끝으로 디지털 권위주의의 정치적 효과에 대한 엄밀한 정치학적 연구가 필요하다는 문제의식을 바탕으로 향 후 이 분야의 연구들이 이론적, 경험적으로 다루어야 할 연구의제를 제시한다.

Abstract

Contrary to the initial optimism that digital technology would bring democracy to authoritarian regimes, “digital authoritarianism” has recently emerged in many authoritarian countries, actively utilizing digital technology to further consolidate their reign. Applying theoretical discussions within comparative politics on authoritarian survival, this article theorizes how authoritarian regimes’ use of digital technology serves as a new toolkit of repression and co-optation, weakens challenges to the regime posed by citizens and ruling elites, and thereby fortifies the regime’s grip on power. Furthermore, in order to complement the limitations of existing research focusing mainly on qualitative case study of individual countries and regions, this article introduces cross-national quantitative data and indicators on digital authoritarianism. Lastly, responding to greater calls for more rigorous political science research on the effects of digital authoritarianism, this article presents research agendas that future studies should address theoretically and empirically.

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