論比較哲學視閾下的朱熹哲學工夫論——以朱熹論“敬”的工夫為例
A Comparative Study of Zhu Xi’s Approach to Self-Cultivation: An Analysis of Jing 敬
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
朱熹繼承了“敬”在先秦文本中的主要意涵，即，對待具體對象時於心理上嚴肅認真、高度關注，以及持續集中注意力的心理狀態，並對上述意涵做了兩方面發展。一是認為有具體對象的“敬”和持續心理狀態的“敬”並不是兩個“敬”，而是心在動和靜時集中注意力的不同工夫形態，且這兩方面形態相即不離。二是強調“敬”的時時警醒工夫有助於我們回复心的原初狀態，並給出了敬的工夫在不同情況回复這種狀態的方法。由此反觀西方哲學中“敬畏”(reverence)和“尊敬”(respect)這兩個看似與“敬”相對應的概念，它們與“敬”至少有兩方面區別：其一，這兩個概念只涉及我們在面對具體對象時的反應，而不涉及我們端肅不懈的持續心理狀態的養成。其二，在涉及具體對象時，這兩個概念的發生情境相關於外在他者的特質，而不是我們的自身修養。將上述區別運用於道德修養論領域，“敬”的工夫一方面凸顯了一種預見式的道德修養過程，另一方面強調了我們需要依事情的是非曲直做出回應，而不應僅僅因為對象不同而在反應上有所區別。另外，“敬”的思想也可以為解決當代西方道德修養論關於道德原則與道德情感之間關係的爭議提供資源。
Abstract
In pre-Qin texts the term jing 敬 generally has two connotations. First, it refers to a serious, careful, and highly focused psychological response to specific objects. Second, it refers to a lasting psychological state of high focused-ness. Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200) develops the two connotations of jing above from two perspectives. First, he considers the two connotations above as one single jing rather than two kinds of jing, representing different—though correlated—self-cultivation states of high focused-ness connected to xin’s movement and to xin’s stillness. Second, Zhu emphasizes that the frequently alert self-cultivation process indicated by jing helps xin return to its original state of clearness, and he also suggests different ways of returning to xin’s original state through jing’s self-cultivation. When comparing jing and two seemingly related western terms, i.e. reverence and respect, we can see that both reverence and respect differ from jing from at least two perspectives. First, both reverence and respect only refer to the response to specific objects while having no connotation of cultivating a lasting psychological state. Second, even in referring to a response to specific objects, the occurrence of both reverence and respect has much to do with the object’s character rather than with the perceiver’s self-cultivation. In relating the two differences above to the western moral-cultivation theory, the self-cultivation theory of jing demonstrates at least two outstanding characteristics. On one hand, it represents a foreseeing moral-cultivation process; on the other hand, it emphasizes that we should only respond in accordance with the rights and wrongs of what happens as such, instead of responding differently due to different characteristics belonging to objects. Furthermore, the self-cultivation theory of jing may have important contributions to offer to contemporary Western debates within the field of moral-cultivation theory on the relation between moral principles and moral emotions.
참고문헌 (29)
- 陳來, "有無之境：王陽明哲學的精神" (1991), 人民出版社
- 陳來, "朱熹哲學研究" (2000), 華東師範大學出版社
- 勞思光, "思辨錄：思光近作集" (1996), 東大圖書公司
- 劉述先, "朱子哲學思想的發展與完成" (1995), 台灣學生書局
- 牟宗三, "心體與性體" (1996), 正中書局
- 錢穆, "朱子新學案" (2011), 九州出版社
- 秦家懿, "儒與耶：一個比較研究" (2000), 文史哲出版社
- 王天海, "荀子校釋" (2009), 上海古籍出版社
- 楊伯峻, "論語譯註" (2009), 中華書局
- 楊伯峻, "春秋左傳註" (2013), 中華書局
- 楊伯峻, "孟子譯注" (2010), 中華書局
- 周振甫, "詩經譯註" (2013), 中華書局
- 周振甫, "周易譯註" (2013), 中華書局
- 朱彬, "禮記訓纂" (2007), 中華書局
- 朱熹, "朱子全書" (2002), 上海古籍出版社, 安徽教育出版社
- Atwell, John, "Kant’s Notion of Respect for Persons", Tulane Studies in Philosophy, 31, pp.17~30 (1981)
- Chan, Sin Yee, "The Confucian Notion of Jing 敬(Respect)", Philosophy East & West, 56, pp.229~252 (2006)
- Cranor, Carl, "Limitations on Respect-for-Persons Theories", Tulane Studies in Philosophy, 31, pp.45~60 (1981)
- Darwall, Stephen, "Two Kinds of Respect", Ethics, 88(1), pp.36~49 (1977)
- Frankena, William, "The Ethics of Respect for Persons", Philosophical Topics, 65(2), pp.149~167 (1986)
- Gibbs, John., "Moral Development and Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman" (2003), Sage
- Hoffman, Martin., "Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Kant, Immanuel., "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals" (1964), Harper Torchbooks Edition
- Nussbaum, Martha., "The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics" (1994), Princeton University Press
- Ren, Jiantao, "A Sense of Awe: On the Differences between Confucian Thought and Christianity", Frontiers of Philosophy in China, 5(1), pp.111~133 (2010)
- Shun, Kwong-loi, "Zhu Xi Now: Contemporary Encounters with the Great Ultimate", State University of NewYork Press
- Strawson, P. F., "Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays", pp.1~25 (1974), Methuen & Co. Ltd
- Taylor, Gabriele, "Deadly Vices" (2006), Oxford University Press
- Williams, Bernard, "Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers, 1973-1980" (1980), Cambridge University Press