朱子思想中的‘心’與‘知’─朱子性心論再探
Xin and Zhi in the Thought of Zhu Xi: a Review of the Theory of Xing-Xin in the Thought of Zhu Xi
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‘理’、‘心’、‘知’等概念乃是朱子思想中的核心概念。學界已經有相當多相關研究。看似已經沒有進一步討論的空間。但其實針對朱子所謂‘理’、‘心’、‘知’等概念, 目前學界仍然存在各種詮釋, 看來似乎尚無共識。關於‘知’, 學界一般從‘認識’外在的事物、‘認知’形而上的‘理’這種角度來詮釋, 但筆者認爲現代認識論脈絡上的‘認知、認識’義並不是朱子所謂‘知’的核心意義。因此, 管見所及, 歷來學者對朱子‘格物致知’論的理解看似脫離朱子本人的脈絡, 找不到充分合理的、有說服力的解釋。關於爲什麼‘誠意’以‘致知’爲前提這一問題, 也無法提供合理的說明。本文的主要關心以及目的在針對朱子思想中的‘知’, 根據朱子本人的脈絡, 提出較合理的說明這一點。爲了處理‘知’的問題, 必須確認朱子思想中的‘心’以及‘理’的意義、特色。因此, 本文先探討‘心’與‘理’。其實這些問題, 筆者曾經分析、討論過。從問題意識的角度來說, 並不是新的, 詮釋的方向也大致沒有改變, 但筆者後來發覺, 之前對‘理’、‘心’、‘知’等概念的理解、說明, 確實有不貼切或需要修正的地方。故此, 雖然發現不大, 但仍有新的體會, 因此這次重新整理、檢討如上所說的‘理’、‘心’、‘知’等問題, 將自己目前的看法、詮釋提供給學界, 懇請各位專家的指正。
Abstract
There are core concepts such as li, xin, and zhi in the thought of Zhu Xi, which received considerable attention in the secondary literature. But, it seems that these concepts have not any longer been much discussed in recent years. In fact, there are no scholarly agreements about the interpretations of li, xin, and zhi. As for the meaning of zhi, it is often understood in relation to the perception of external things or beings or in relation to the recognition of metaphysical li. However, this understanding does not capture the original meaning of zhi in the thought of Zhu Xi. To my best knowledge, the theory of ge wu zhi zhi has not been reasonably interpreted and convincingly explained in accordance with the original context of Zhu Xi’s philosophy. It is mainly because the reason why cheng yi is based on zhi zhi has not been fully explained. This paper aims to explore the meaning of zhi in the thought of Zhu Xi in its own context. To do this properly, this paper first examines the meanings of xin and li in his thought. Even though I already discussed the same topic in one of my previous papers, I attempt to offer my own explanations of the concepts of zhi, xin, and li in the thought of Zhu Xi in a better organized way.
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