Ambivalence of Family and Disunity of Virtues in Mencius’ Political Philosophy
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This essay argues that although family plays an important role in Mencius’ moral philosophy, its place in his political philosophy and the relationship between the familial and the political are much more complicated and ambiguous than commonly assumed. We examine two related assumptions about Mencius’ philosophy, one concerning the role of family and the other the unity of virtues, by revisiting the “two-sources” (or “two-roots”) problem identified by David Nivison, offering a different interpretation and reaching a different conclusion. We argue that there are indeed two roots in Mencius’ philosophy, the family root and the general sympathy root. These two are sometimes in conflict within his framework, exposing a deep tension therein. To make the case, we distinguish two distinct strands in Mencius’ thought, the “extensionist,” which has been regarded as normative, and the “sacrificialist,” which is more radical and less appreciated. While the extensionist Mencius operates on the assumption of congruity between the personal, the familial, and the political domains, the sacrificialist Mencius recognizes the ultimate incommensurability between the familial and the political and embraces the necessity for self-sacrifice in order to protect the familial. The hero of the sacrificialist Mencius is none other than the legendary sage-king, Shun 舜.
Abstract
This essay argues that although family plays an important role in Mencius’ moral philosophy, its place in his political philosophy and the relationship between the familial and the political are much more complicated and ambiguous than commonly assumed. We examine two related assumptions about Mencius’ philosophy, one concerning the role of family and the other the unity of virtues, by revisiting the “two-sources” (or “two-roots”) problem identified by David Nivison, offering a different interpretation and reaching a different conclusion. We argue that there are indeed two roots in Mencius’ philosophy, the family root and the general sympathy root. These two are sometimes in conflict within his framework, exposing a deep tension therein. To make the case, we distinguish two distinct strands in Mencius’ thought, the “extensionist,” which has been regarded as normative, and the “sacrificialist,” which is more radical and less appreciated. While the extensionist Mencius operates on the assumption of congruity between the personal, the familial, and the political domains, the sacrificialist Mencius recognizes the ultimate incommensurability between the familial and the political and embraces the necessity for self-sacrifice in order to protect the familial. The hero of the sacrificialist Mencius is none other than the legendary sage-king, Shun 舜.
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