如體如用의 觀으로 조망한 원효의 깨달음 -『大乘起信論別記』와 『金剛三昧經論』을 중심으로-

Abstract

The logic of the essence of thusnessㆍthe function of thusness begins with omitted sentences in Wonhyo’s Expository Notes on the Awakening of Faith(大乘起信論別記). Based on these sentences, I classify the true-thusness aspect and the production-and-extinction aspect into fundamental essence(理) and external activity(事) and shed light on them in terms of the essence of thusness(如體)ㆍthe function of thusness(如用) respectively. Generally, given that the one mind can be divided into the essence(體) and function(用), the essence can be splitted into the calm extinction, or the true-thusness aspect and function into womb of the Tathāgata, or the production-and-extinction aspect. In this thesis, I will elaborately assorted, which I put the fundamental essence and external activity in both the true-thusness aspect and the production-and-extinction aspect and define the essence of thusness as the fundamental essence out of the true-thusness aspect and the production-and-extinction aspect and the function of thusness as external activity out of the true-thusness aspect and the production-and-extinction aspect. The essence of thusnessㆍthe function of thusness asserts that there’s the function of thusness out of essence and the essence of thusness out of function. These assertions are feasible due to Wonhyo’s stage of practice beyond the first of the ten bodhisattva bhūmis. The essence of fundamental essence(理) is something out of the form of arising and ceasing aspect of the mind but freely does the cycle of transmigration of life and death in terms of causes and conditions of avidyā because it doesn’t guard the permanent self-nature itself. When all dharmas are distinguished, elaborate and unconstrained thinking of essence and function on a basis of two aspects spreads. In fact, the liberal stage is manifested since the true-thusness aspect is not restricted only to the essence and the production-and-extinction aspect is not constricted to the function. After Wonhyo’s enlightenment, he said, “Because of the arising of thought, various phenomena arise, since thought ceases, a cave and a grave are not two.”(心生故種種法生 心滅故龕墳不二). In the Exposition of the Vajrasamādhi Sūtras, his thought develops into the Dharma of nonduality, which is ‘extinction is in fact production and production is in fact extinction.’ When he’s enlightened, all kinds of Dharma arises because your mind arises. After that, he reaches the spiritual realm, that is, production contains extinction and the other way around. The realm is maturely evolved from distinguishing production and extinction to not differentiating production and extinction. The realm is in itself true liberal thusness in which form itself vanishes. The logic of the essence of thusnessㆍthe fuction of thusness seems very appropriate for explaining ‘Wonhyo’s liberal mind’, or his ‘fundamental slaphappiness.’ In this slaphappiness, there’s no form because it disappears without a trace going back to the highest position of thorough enlightenment. This reasoning is compressed into the word, ‘thusness’. There’s no proper way to account the stage of thusness in terms of existence and non-existence. Indeed, thusness is calm extinction, but not wholly extinct, which is the eloquent void of possibility. In addition, it doesn’t have any trace, fixed form and obstacle in making use of it. It constructs all dharmas but its attribute is in itself void with its form constructed in being void. Thusness makes it possible to be two since it doesn’t conform to only one. Furthermore, there’s possibility of the function in the essence and there’s fundament of the essence in the function because the essence and function are both feasible without adhering to only one. The essence of thusnessㆍthe function of thusness is Wonhyp’s Vipassana of practicing, in which the production- and-extinction aspect and the true-thusness aspect and the essence and function are not dissonant. ‘The liberal mind’ consistently represented in Wonhyo’s works can be elucidated with the logic of the essence of thusnessㆍthe function of thusness. Wonhyo exceeds a dichotomy set up in his age, such as a set of Schools of Buddhism, monks and the laity, production-and-extinction and existence and non-existence etc. His life is full of implicated uses of all philosophies he insisted and practice of his works. In his enlightenment, there’s no form of existence and non-existence because he embraces everything like empty space. I unravel Wonhyo’s spirited world in terms of the logic of the essence of thusnessㆍthe fuction of thusness. Wonhyo got enlightened with true-thusness, that is, the world of awakening and desperately strived for awakening away from the logic of a dichotomy in a secular world.