원효의 三性說을 통한 空有사상 종합

Abstract

The debate on　the argument about ‘emptiness and existence’ that started around 5th century between Bhāviveka (淸辯) and Dharmapāla (護 法)　has a very significant meaning in the history of Buddhism. The debate was a different interpretation on the all existences which is the fundamental question of Buddhist thought. The core dispute of the argument about ‘emptiness and existence’ is the interpretation of the nature of dependent arising (paratantra-svabhāva; 依他起性). Bhāviveka insists that it is empty while Dharmapāla insists that it is existent as the supporting basis of attachment to all-pervasive discrimination (遍計所執). This argument continued to 7th century and drew the attention in the East-Asian Buddhism.　Actually the argument about ‘emptiness and existence’ is the collision between the theory of 'conscious-only' which regards the world as existence and ‘contemplation of middle way’ which regards world as emptiness. Wonhyo criticizes this argument as one-sided attachment to the extreme view of ‘emptiness and existence’. Wonhyo emphasizes that ‘emptiness and existence’ are not confrontational but they are mutually interactive and circulatory relation. Wonhyo combines both mutually complementary relation with One Mind and Two Gates (一心二門). The Two Gates are the arising and ceasing aspect of the mind and the true Suchness aspect of the mind. Wonhyo’s view on ‘emptiness and existence’ is based on the theory of One Mind explained in the teaching of the Awakening of Faith. One Mind is the totality that functions dynamically, embracing all such as truth and falsity, purity and impurity, and etc. So, according to the Awakening of Faith, Suchness develops or unfolds into the all arising and ceasing aspect of the mind by the wind of ignorance. Accordingly, the true Suchness and the arising and ceasing aspect of the mind are not different entity but the same body that functions together. Wonhyo, on the basis of　this theory, integrates with the Two Gates by embracing the nature of dependent arising, the key issue of the dispute, into the gate of arising and ceasing while embracing the pervasive discrimination into the gate of Suchness. Wonhyo interprets that the pervasive discrimination and dependent arising interconnect to the gate of Suchness and the gate of arising and ceasing, thus circulating continuously. Wonhyo led the argument about ‘emptiness and existence’ to the integration instead of confrontation and drew the significant change in the history of Buddhism.