신라 하대 황룡사의 역할과 공간의 변화

Abstract

Hwangryongsa Temple was established during the reign of King Jinheung of the Silla Dynasty and remained active until the reign of King Gojong of the Goryeo Dynasty. Since its establishment, Hwangryongsa played a significant role in the Buddhist community of Silla, although surviving historical records primarily focus on the late period of the Silla Dynasty. Through archaeological excavations, it has been determined that the layout of the Buddhist service area in Hwangryongsa underwent approximately four major changes from its founding to its closure. Particularly, during the 9th century of the late Silla period, considered the heyday of the Silla Dynasty, the outer areas became more active. To delve into the changes in Hwangryongsa during the Late Silla Period, connecting the political landscape of the time with the findings from excavations is crucial. The 9th century of the Late Silla Period corresponds to the reigns of King Aejang to King Jinsung. In the 7th year of King Aejang's reign, a temple ban was enforced, and a governmental body was established to oversee its implementation. Towards the end of the mid-period, under the reign of King Gyeongdeok, temple construction was regulated to address the economic and social challenges stemming from extensive Buddhist activities. The governmental institution responsible for executing King Aejang's decree was the Jeongbeopjeon, which was founded during the reign of King Wonseong. The Jeongbeopjeon was an established organization since the mid-period of the Silla Dynasty. In the late period, it included monks as officials; it also prohibited the establishment of new temples and regulated the use of gold and silver vessels in temples. Despite King Aejang's demise at the hands of King Seondeok, the temple ban he initiated likely persisted. During King Munsung's reign, Buddhism maintained a significant influence on Silla, evidenced by the importation of Buddhist scriptures and Buddha's tooth into the kingdom. This relationship led to the erection of memorial monuments and the renovation of temples. Moreover, there were instances where individuals donated their homes for religious rituals, but this practice was not officially sanctioned, as exemplified by the cases of Honghyo-sa Temple during King Heungdeok's reign and Yangjon-sa Temple during King Jinsung's reign. King Gyeongmun repaired the wooden pagoda on the ninth floor of Hwangryong-sa, and since then, Hwangryong-sa has hosted the Baekgosajhoe ceremony and the Lotus Lantern Festival. In particular, during the reigns of King Jeonggang and King Jinsung, two Baekgosajhoe ceremonies were held every six months. It can be seen that they prayed for public sentiment and national stability through the Baekgosajhoe. The large-scale events held at Hwangryong-sa were made possible by the spacious ceremonial area and the availability of outlying spaces for preparations. The changes in Hwangryong-sa, especially after King Gyeongmun's reign, have been substantiated by archaeological excavations. It is noted that around the 9th to 10th centuries, the Dongmunji, the northern entrance, was expanded to 3×2 compartments, and the eastern section of the East Corridor was constructed during this period. Excavations have also revealed that the upper levels of the western section of the West Corridor, currently under excavation, date back to the 9th century. During the 9th century, known as the Late Silla Period, Hwangryong-sa was actively utilized for hosting ceremonies and banquets, aiming to ensure royal stability. The acknowledgment of Hwangryong-sa as a significant space for religious rituals, established during this period, enabled its continuation into the Goryeo Dynasty.