왜 민주주의는 재분배에 실패하는가?: 제도주의 정치경제학 및 조절이론시각을 중심으로
Why Does Democracy Fail to Redistribute?: Focusing on Institutionalist Political Economy and Régulation Theory
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본 논문은 최근 들어 많은 연구자들이 관심을 기울이고 있는 ‘소득불평등’ 주제를중심으로 경제영역과 정치영역간의 상호작용을 살펴보았다. 특히 Meltzer- Richard(1981)의 설명과는 달리 민주주의하에서 소득 불평등이 증가하지만 재분배 정책이 제대로 작동하지 못하는 이유를 정치 경제학적 시각에서 살펴보았다. 경제학에서 별로 주목받지 못했던 정치-경제-국가 간의 상호작용을 살펴보고 이들 사이의 갈등이 어떻게 소득재분배 정책의 채택과 실행에 영향을 미치는지를다섯 가지 경로를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 소득 불평등의 문제를 대상으로 분석하였지만, 우리가 관심을 두는 것은 소득 불평등 문제 자체보다는 정치영역과 경제영역의 상호작용을 통하여 결정되는 소득 불평등의 문제 즉 ‘정치경제학’적 관점에서 바라본 소득 불평등과 재분배문제에 더욱 관심을 기울인다. 우리는 소득 불평등과 소득재분배는 정치시스템이 만들어내는 제도, 정책 그리고 법에 영향을받으며 이들 제도와 정책 그리고 법은 사회정치그룹들의 파워분포에 의해서 결정된다는 견해에 서 있다. 또한, 이렇게 수립된 제도와 정책은 각 사회정치그룹의파워의 분포를 결정한다. 경제학은 정치적 문제가 이미 매끈하게 해결되었다고가정하고 정교한 정책개발에 관심을 기울여 왔다. 그러나 우리는 재분배 이면에있는 복잡하며 갈등이 충돌하는 정치적 과정 즉 어떻게 정책에 대한 의사결정이내려지며 누가 의사결정을 하며 왜 그런 의사결정을 하는지에 관심을 기울였다.
Abstract
This paper examines interactions between the economic and political spheres, focusing on income inequality, a recent topic of interest by many researchers. In particular, unlike Meltzer-Richard (1981), the reasons redistribution policy does not work well under democracy despite increasing income inequality are examined from a “political economy” viewpoint. This paper examines the interactions between politics, economics and nations-a combined perspective that has not hitherto attracted much attention in economics-and how conflicts among these three areas affect the adoption and implementation of income redistribution policy. We analyze income inequality, but we are mainly interested in how interactions between the political and economic domains lead to income inequality, rather than income inequality itself. In other words, we use an eco-political lens to view the problems of income inequality and redistribution. We take the position that income inequality and income redistribution are affected by the institutions, policies and laws created by the political system, and that these institutions, policies and laws are determined by the distribution of sociopolitical group power. The institutions and policies thus established determine the distribution of power of sociopolitical groups. Economics has mainly been concerned with the development of sophisticated policy, assuming that political problems have already been adequately worked out. However, we have focused on the complex political processes behind redistribution that take place through clashes of interests, and have looked at how policy decisions are made, who makes those decisions and why they make them.
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