8-9세기 신라와 발해, 일본의 자아와 타자 인식

Abstract

This paper examines the self-awareness of Silla, Balhae and Japan in the 8th and 9th centuries and the perception of others among them. Japan’s Ritsuryo state recognized Silla and Balhae as tributary countries, and treated Ezo, Hayato, and Namdo people as barbarians. In the 8th century, with the Emperor at the top, Japan established its own country-centered independent view of the world covered all one’s own and tributary countries, barbarians, namely, a small imperialist international order. Silla, which claims to be a tributary country of the Tang Dynasty, once established its own country-centered independent worldview that made Bodeok-country and Tamra or Balhae and Tamra a tributary country. At that time, the Silla people recognized their country as a state with the status of a royal castle and proudly regarded it as a Noble-man country(君子國) that developed Confucian culture comparable to that of China, on the other hand, despised Japan as an uncivilized barbarians country(夷狄國) that fell behind culturally. Since Silla invaded Balhae in 733, the two countries have maintained hostile relations for a while, and since the mid-8th century, Silla has treated Balhae as a country of good-neighbor diplomacy. The people of Silla, like Japan, considered Balhae a culturally backward country, showing their pride. Although Balhae claimed to be a tributary country of the Tang Dynasty, it aimed to establish the emperor’s state system internally. In addition, Balhae established its own country-centered independent worldview that made the neighboring Mamma tribes a tributary political group. Since the mid-8th century, Balhae has treated Silla as a country of good-neighbor diplomacy, and competed or interchanged with each other on the international stage. Balhae, like Silla, treated Japan as a country of good-neighbor diplomacy, either by claiming that Balhae and Japan were father-in-law and son-in-law relations or by referring to the national letter sent by Balhae King to the Japanese emperor as “Ki(啓).” Japan recognized Silla and Balhae as tributary countries, but Silla and Balhae treated Japan as a country of good-neighbor diplomacy, and Silla and Japan’s or Japan and Balhae’s dream of the same bed was caused by diplomatic friction and conflict. It can be summarized that Silla’s ego and perception of others during the Unified Silla Period became the source of Korea’s perception of China and Japan in the pre-modern era.