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국제법상 미동반 아동의 보호에 관한 연구 ‘미동반 아동 망명신청자를 중심으로’

Study on the Protection for Unaccompanied Children under International Law ‘focusing on unaccompanied children asylum seekers’

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법학연구원 (Legal Research Institute of Korea University)|2023.10|법학논총 (The Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University)|제36권 제2호|pp. 287-342|DOI 10.17251/legal.2023.36.2.287

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키워드

아동권리협약유엔난민기구UNHCR1951 Refugee Convention미동반 아동아동 최선의 이익 원칙미동반 아동 망명 신청자1951년 난민협약일반논평 제6호Unaccompanied ChildrenBest interest of the ChildUnaccompanied children asylum seekerConvention on the Right of the ChildGeneral Comment No 6.

초록

미국 및 북유럽의 국가로 국경을 넘어온 이주자 중 가족 구성원에 속해 있지 않고 혼자인 아동의 수가 증가하자 유엔난민기구는 ‘미동반 아동’이라는 정의를 채택하고 난민 지위 인정을 통한 특별한 법적 보호와 안녕 및 예방의 항구적 해결책을 수립하기 위한 대안들을 모색해왔다. 다양한 이주 동기와 경험을 지닌 이질적인 집단으로서 미동반 아동은 성인과 마찬가지로 망명 자격이 주어지나 전통적으로 1951년 난민협약 및 난민 의정서에 제시된 ‘난민’의 정의는 성인의 경험에 근거한 관점에서 해석되어왔기 때문에 미동반 아동이 겪은 기본권 박탈, 학대의 상황, 생존 및 발달의 위협 등으로부터 제기한 난민 신청의 평가가 제대로 이루어지지 못하고 협약 난민의 요건을 입증하는 데도 여러 가지 어려움을 겪어 미동반 아동을 효과적으로 보호하지 못하는 한계와 결핍이 있음이 지적되고 있다. 이러한 상황에 대한 대응책으로 본국을 넘어 이주한 난민기에 처한 미동반 아동의 보호와 돌봄을 위해 유엔난민기구는 아동권리협약의 역할을 인정하고 보호의 기준으로 아동권리협약의 조항과 원칙들을 명시한 지침서들을 개발하여 제공해왔다. 아동권리협약은 협약 당사국이 모든 형태의 신체적 또는 정신적 폭력, 상해 또는 학대, 방치 또는 부주의한 대우, 착취로부터 아동을 보호하기 위해 적절한 법적, 행정적, 사회적 및 교육적 조치를 취해야함을 명시하고 있다. 이에 따라 협약 당사국은 국가 행위자든지 비국가행위자에 의해서든지 학대 및 방임, 성착취, 생명에 대한 위협과 같은 끔찍한 위험으로부터 피해 본국을 떠난 아동에게 보호를 제공할 의무가 있다. 따라서 1951년 난민협약상 난민 지위를 얻지 못해서 미동반 아동의 국제적 보호요구가 충족되지 못한다면 망명국가에서 보완적 형태의 보호 또는 사실상의 보호를 누리기 위한 아동의 처우에 대한 기준으로 아동 권리협약이 보완적으로 적용될 수 있다고 해석할 수 있다. 미동반 아동의 권리 보호, 법적 지위 결정, 성공적인 재통합 시스템, 양육 체계, 송환 문제는 아동의 전 생애에 영향을 미치는 중요한 문제이다. 미동반 아동의 보호에 있어서 아동권리협약은 실체적 기본권 보호 및 옹호 도구로서 영구적 해결책을 찾는 국제적 기준이 되므로 지속적으로 국제 난민협약과 아동권리협약 체제 간의 조정과 협력이 필요하며 당사국은 미동반 망명 신청자의 경우 난민협약의 해석과 인정절차에서 광범위하고 높은 수준의 보호를 제공하는 아동권리협약의 조항과 원칙들을 숙지할 필요가 있다.

Abstract

As the number of children without family members among migrants who have crossed the border to countries in the U.S. and Northern Europe has increased, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (“UNHCR”) has sought to adopt the definition of "unaccompanied children". It is seeking permanent solutions for providing special legal protection, well-being, and prevention of risks to unaccompanied children by allowing them to apply for asylum like adults. Still, traditionally, the definition of "refugees" in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Refugee Protocol has been interpreted from an adult perspective. Unaccompanied children’s deprivation of fundamental rights, situation of abuse, and threat of survival and development are not adequately evaluated and there are various difficulties in proving the requirements of convention refugees, making it impossible to effectively protect unaccompanied children. In response to this situation, for the specific legal protection and care of children who have immigrated beyond their home countries, the UNHCR has recognized the role of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (“CRC”) and has developed guidelines that specify the provisions and principles of the CRC as the basis of protection of the children. The CRC states that the parties to the Convention shall take appropriate legal, administrative, social, and educational measures to protect children from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglected or careless treatment, and exploitation. Accordingly, the parties to the Convention are also obliged to protect children who have left their home country from terrible risks such as abuse, neglect, sexual exploitation, and threats to life, either by state or non-state actors. Some other issues which are important for such children are the determination of their legal status, successful reunification systems, parenting systems, and repatriation issues. Unaccompanied children may face situations where they may fail to receive international protection through refugee status under the Refugee Convention. In this case, it is possible to interpret that the Convention on the Rights of the Child can be applied complementarily as a standard for the treatment of unaccompanied children in order to enjoy complementary or de facto protection in the country of asylum. Protecting the rights of unaccompanied children, determining their legal status, successful reintegration systems, parenting systems, and repatriation issues are important issues that affect children's entire lives. The CRC becomes an international criterion for finding a permanent solution as a tool for substantive protection of fundamental rights. There is a need for continuous coordination and cooperation between the state parties to the International Convention on Refugees. Such parties need to apply the provisions and principles of the CRC, which provides a broad and high level of protection in the interpretation and recognition procedures of protection for unaccompanied children asylum seekers.

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