국제인도법상 통제 기준에 관한 소고
Various Control Tests in International Humanitarian Law
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일반적 맥락에서 통제는 방향성을 가지고 일방 당사자가 타방 당사자의행위에 제약을 가하는 제반 행위를 의미한다. 국제법상 통제는 국제책임법, 국제인도법, 국제인권법, 영토 권한의 확인 등 다양한 맥락에서 사용되는데 이 논문에서는 그 중 국제인도법상 통제 기준들에 대해 논한다. 국제인도법에서도 통제는 복수의 목적으로 활용되는 바 이들을 함께 검토한다. 먼저 조직된 무장집단의 행위가 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속될 수 있는지를 판단하는 데 사용되는 통제 기준을 검토한다. 우선 국가책임법상 비국가행위자의 행위를 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속시키기 위한 통제 기준인 실효적 통제 기준과, 비국제적 무력충돌을 국제적 무력충돌로 변환시킴에 있어 조직된 무장집단의 행위가 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속될 수 있는지를 판단하는 데 사용되는 전반적 통제 기준의 등장배경과 구성요소를 각각 살펴본다. 특히 국제법상 양 기준의 관계와 유효성 및 한계를 다룬 판례와학설들을 중심으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 전반적 통제 기준이 실효적 기준이 아닌 엄격한 통제를 대체하기 위해 등장한 기준이며 전반적 통제와 실효적 통제 기준이 양립할 수 있음을 논하였다. 한편 유럽인권재판소는 간접적인 외부 세력의 존재나 비국가행위자 행위의 다변화를 반영할 수 있는 ‘전반적 실효적 통제 기준’을 고안하였다. 이 기준은 특정 지역에 실효적 통제를 가하고 있는 외부의 국가가 존재할 경우, 지역 내에서 발생하는개별 행위에는 실효적 통제가 없더라도 행위 귀속을 가능케 한다. 이후 점령법상 점령의 존재를 확인하는 데 사용되는 실효적 통제 기준에 대해 논의한다. 점령의 법적 근거와 외국 군대의 주둔, 점령 영토에서권한의 행사, 그리고 군사 점령에 대한 비동의라는 세가지의 누적적 요건을 확인하였다. 비교적 최근에 제시되고 있는 ‘간접적 실효적 통제 기준에대해 논의한다. 이 기준은 특정 국가가 전반적 통제를 가하고 있는 현지권한 당국을 통해 이루어지더라도 점령이 인정될 수 있음을 시사한다. 기존의 엄격한 통제, 실효적 통제, 전반적 통제를 기반으로 하면서도 새로이제시되는 통제 기준을 통해 국제인도법은 보완되며 발전할 것이다.
Abstract
This article reviews control tests under international humanitarian law. First of all, it reviews the effective control standard under the law of state responsibility and overall control standard under international humanitarian law, and how they two are related but different. It also finds that the two tests do not conflict, and their applications should be flexible depending on the context they are used. In determining the existence of an international armed conflict under international humanitarian law, the overall control standard seems to have established its solid status and there is even a possibility of it being used in the area of state responsibility. In addition, the effective overall test has been formed by ECtHR to impute responsibility to a state which exercises effective control outside of its territory indirectly through a third party there. Next, the article examined the effective control test under occupation law, which is an important specific area of international humanitarian law. The early origin of the test is found in the Hague Regulations and the Geneva Conventions and the Article 42 of the Hague Regulation is recognized to form customary international law. Cumulative criteria for the effective control test have been developed through international precedents and state practice. The indirect effective control test has been proposed regarding occupation. According to the test, occupation occurs if a state controls the territory through a local proxy without exerting direct influence over a territory. The subject of ‘control’ in international law is sometimes associated with the fragmentation of international law. However, the author believe that the segmentation is inevitable considering the diversification of entities of and behaviors in international law. The control tests in international law, including the law of state responsibility and international humanitarian law, are interrelated and often cross-examined regardless of the area of international law they are applied. In addition, the new control tests were derived by combining the traditional control tests. The new control standards would help eliminate the blind areas of international humanitarian law, embracing new actors and behaviors.
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