재난 발생 시 일방적 인도적 지원에 대한 국제법적 검토
An Examination of Unilateral Humanitarian Assistance in the Event of Natural Disaster
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재난 발생 시 해당 영토국의 동의 없이 일방적으로 인도적 지원을 할 수 있을까? 전통적으로 자연재해가 발생할 경우, 민간인들을 보호하고 지원하는 사안은 해당 재난발생국에게 1차 책임이 있다고 보았다. 한편, 외부의 인도적 지원은 무제한 이행될 수 없고, 해당 재난발생국의 동의가 선결 사안이 된다. 이런 측면에서 보았을 때, 재난 발생 시 중요 법적 문제는 주권의 문제라 할 수 있다. 재난과 같은 비상사태로 대규모 인권 문제가 발생한다하여도, 재난발생국의 주권에 기한 불간섭원칙이 배제되는 것이 아니기 때문이다. 그렇다면 이에 대한 예외는 없을까? 재난발생국의 동의가 없는 경우에도 국제사회가 일방적으로 인도적 지원을 제공할 수 있는 경우가 있을지 의문이다. 이 글은 이와 같은 예외적인 상황을 네 가지 유형에 따라 검토하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 첫째, 재난발생국이 아직 구호 요청을 전혀 하지 않은 경우. 둘째, 재난발생국이 동의의 의사표시를 할 수 없는 극단적인 상황. 셋째, 재난발생국의 구호 요청을 하였지만, 구호 요청을 받지 않은 국가가 구호 제의나 제공을 하는 경우. 넷째, 재난발생국이 명시적으로 인도적 지원을 거부하는 경우. 이 연구의 의의는 재난발생국의 동의가 없는 상황에서 일방적 인도적 지원을 강행할 수 있는지 여부를 검토하는 데에 있다. 위 네 가지 유형에서 확인할 수 있듯이, 일방적 인도적 지원이 논의될 수 있는 상황은 다양하다. 그리고 적어도 이론적으로는 일방적 인도적 지원이 정당화 될 사례가 있을 수 있다.
Abstract
Could unilateral humanitarian assistance be made without the consent of the affected state in the event of natural disasters? Traditionally, when there is natural disaster, the affected state assumes primary responsibility to protect and assist the affected persons. Apparently, international humanitarian assistance could not be implemented freely and the consent of the affected state becomes one of the prerequisite. From this perspective, it is arguable that an important legal issue arises in the event of disaster is not focused on human rights but on sovereignty. This is so, because the non-intervention principle based on sovereignty is not disposed of even in the event of disaster. Then, could there be any exception to this rule? It is a question whether there could be a case where international society could unilaterally make humanitarian assistance without the consent of the affected state in the event of natural disasters. This study attempts to examine the exceptional cases in four different types. First, there could be a case when the affected state has not made official request for assistance. Second, there could be an extreme case when the affected state cannot make any significant legal expression relevant for humanitarian assistance. Third, there could be a case when a state which has not received the request for assistance offer or provide assistance. Fourth, there could be a case when the affected state explicitly deny any external assistance. The significance of the study lies on examining the possibility of unilateral humanitarian assistance in the event of natural disaster. The study points out that on certain limited cases, such unilateral assistance could be justified at least on theoretical level.
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