국제법상 정부의 개념 및 요건에 대한 소고
A Brief Study on the Concept of ‘Government’ in International Law
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정부와 국가는 상호 개념을 구성하며 긴밀하게 연결되어 있다. 정부는 국제법상 인정되는 국가의 존재를 전제하므로, 국제법상의 국가로서의 지위가 확정되지 않은 실체에 대한 논의에서 정부라는 용어는 보다 엄격하게 사용된다. 한편, 기존의 정부 역시 한 주권국의 대표성을 상실한 경우 해당 실체에 대한 ‘정부’라는 용어의 사용이 기피되는 것으로 볼 때, 정부라는 용어는 대표성을 전제한다. 그리고 이러한 대표성을 갖는 정부는 하나이다. 이러한 정부 개념의 전제하에 국제사회는 한 국가의 여러 실체가 자신이 해당 국가를 대표할 수 있는 정부임을 주장하는 경우, 이에 대해 불가피하게 개입하게 된다. 어떠한 실체가 정부인가 결정하는 논의에 있어 전통적인, 그리고 일차적인 기준은 해당 실체가 영토와 주민을 실효적으로 통제하는지 여부였으며, 해당 정부가 어떻게 그 권력을 잡게 되었는지, 혹은 해당 주민을 상대로 어떠한 권력을 행사하고 있는가는 국제사회에서의 해당 정부의 지위를 판단함에 있어 고려되지 않았다. 그러나 국제사회는 점차적으로 해당 정부의 국내적 합헌성 외에도, 해당 정부의 민주성에 기초한 대표성과 정당성과 같은 국제사회의 기준을 제시해 나가고 있다. 한편, 정부의 지위에 대해 고려되는 이러한 요소들은 단순한 사실이 아닌 국제법공동체가 공유하는 가치의 문제를 담고 있다. 따라서 후자는 국제법이 발전하는 방향, 즉, 국제적인 규범체계가 완성되어가는 방향에 영향을 받을 수밖에 없다. 이 글은 최근의 시리아, 리비아, 코트디브아르의 사태를 통해 국제사회가 요구하고 있는 정부의 요건이 무엇인가에 대한 문제를 제기하고, 이러한 논의를 통해 국제법상 정부의 개념과 그에 따른 요건에 대해 고찰하였다. 먼저 국제법상 ‘정부’라는 개념에 전제되어있는 국가성, 대표성, 유일성을 나누어 살펴보았다. 이를 토대로 정부승인과는 별개의 일반적 맥락에서의 정부의 요건에 관한 논의의 필요성을 검토하였다. 전통적 요건인 실효성의 경우 대내적 실효성과 대외적 실효성이 달라질 수 있음을 지적하고, 이러한 대외적 실효성을 통해 전통적 요건인 대내적 실효성 역시 국제법의 발전에 영향을 받는, 즉, 국제법공동체의 기준이 적용될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 민주적 자격에 관한 기존 논의를 검토하고, 이러한 논의를 정당성의 논의로 발전시켜, 절차적 민주주의에 근거한 성립과정에서의 정당성의 문제 뿐 아니라, 행위의 정당성의 논의로 발전시킬 수 있음을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 ‘책임으로서의 주권’에 따른 정부의 역할이 정부의 지위에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요건으로 발전하고 있는지를 살펴보았다.
Abstract
‘Government’ and ‘State’ are interrelated concepts, which mutually frame each other. The term ‘government’ presupposes the existence of the sovereign independent State; thus, it is carefully employed when the legal status of an entity is controversial. As a legally circumscribed concept, the term ‘government’ is carefully used in legal parlance since it may implicitly convey the representative status of an authority claiming to be the government of a sovereign State. There can only be one ‘government’ to represent the State at any given time; and once an authority has been recognized and referred to as the government of the State, the presumption of continuity upholds its status. Governmental status of a sovereign State is a priori the matter of internal affairs to be decided primarily under the municipal system. Nevertheless, from the practical point of view, the international community cannot but interfere in the matter of governmental status, in particular when there are competing authorities claiming to be a government, since they must determine the faction deemed ‘legitimate’ for continuing relations. Traditionally, the status of the government has been predominantly determined by internal effectiveness in controlling the territory and population notwithstanding other factors: how it came to power, and how it exercises its authority and treats its population. However, internal effectiveness cannot be the absolute criterion in considering status of government: practice has suggested that the absence of effective governmental control is compensated for by other factors such as constitutionality, democratic entitlement, or international legitimacy. On the other hand, an effective entity unwilling to comply with international law may fail to gain international recognition as the government or may lose external effectiveness. Such factors reflect evolving norms in the international legal community and are thus inevitably affected by the development of international law. In light of the recent crises in Syria, Libya and Côte d’Ivoire, this article invokes a question on the concept of ‘government’, building from a basic discussion of government and its related requirements embedded or reflected in the current international legal framework. Effectiveness remains the primary criterion for a government, as a prerequisite for functioning as such. However, effectiveness as the traditional requirement of government as a legitimate authority is re-examined in distinguishing between internal and external effectiveness. The article suggests that external effectiveness—which under globalization could also affect internal effectiveness—is largely relevant to the norms respected in the international legal community; and thus can also be affected by the development of international law. Discourses around democratic entitlement are re-approached in relation to legitimacy, with a distinction being made between ‘legitimacy in origin’ and ‘legitimacy in exercise.’ Based on this discussion, this article examines whether protection of the people from mass atrocities according to ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ might be a factor in determining the status of a government.
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