핵표적화 논쟁의 국제법적 검토: 한미동맹의 통합억제력 제고를 위한 쟁점과 함의
An International Legal Review of Nuclear Targeting Debates: Issues and Implications for Enhancing Integrated Deterrence in the U.S.-ROK Alliance
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러시아와 중국이라는 두 개의 핵강대국을 상대해야 하는 미국에서는 군사표적 뿐만아니라 도시를 비롯한 민간시설이나 국가전략 인프라를 공격의 표적으로 삼을 것인지에 대한전략적고민과, 표적 우선순위의 조정에 관한 논쟁이 활발히 전개되고 있다. 이러한 고민은 동맹국들에게 핵우산을 제공하고 있는 미국에게만 국한되는 것은 아니다. 핵능력을 고도화함으로써 한미동맹의 공백을 어떻게든 찾아내어 동맹분리를 야기하려는 북한을 억제해야 하는 한미동맹에 있어서도 표적화는 중요한 주제이다. 특히미국이 제공하는 확장억제와 대량응징보복(KMPR)을 통한 재래식 억제의 실효성 확보를 위해서는 표적화에 대한 전략적 고민과 국제법적 검토가 필수적으로 요구된다. 한반도 안보환경에서 재래식 핵억제의 실효성 확보를 위해서는 대가치 표적화 정책을 선택적으로 적용할 수 있는 법적 출구를 마련함으로써 핵표적화 전략의 유연성을확보하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 위하여 각국은 다양한 출구전략을 마련하고 있는바, 한국의 경우 이미 1977년 제네바제협약 제1추가의정서의 당사국이므로 전시복구 조항에 대한유보를첨부하는 것이 바람직할 것이다
Abstract
In the United States, which faces the challenge of dealing with two nuclear powers, Russia and China, there is an active debate over strategic considerations regarding whether to target not only military objectives but also civilian facilities, including cities, and national strategic infrastructure. Discussions on the adjustment of target prioritization are also intensifying. Such considerations are not limited to the United States, which provides a nuclear umbrella to its allies. For the U.S.-ROK alliance, where deterrence against North Korea’s advanced nuclear capabilities is essential to counter its attempts at alliance decoupling, nuclear targeting is also a crucial issue. Securing the effectiveness of extended deterrence and the conventional deterrent capabilities of the Korea Massive Punishment & Retaliation (KMPR) demands strategic deliberations and an international legal examination of targeting policies. To ensure the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence within the security environment of the Korean Peninsula, it is essential to secure flexibility in nuclear targeting strategies by establishing a legal framework that allows for the selective application of countervalue targeting policies. To this end, various countries have adopted diverse exit strategies. For Republic of Korea, as a party to the 1977 Geneva Conventions Additional Protocol I, it would be advisable to make a reservation regarding the provisions on belligerent reprisal.
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