서구 철학자들의 언어관과 언어학 발전의 역사적 고찰
Greek Philosophers' Thoughts on Language and Their Contributions to Linguistics: From a Historical Perspective
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인문학의 많은 분야가 그러하듯이 고대에는 언어학이 독립된 학문으로 인식되지 않고 철학이나 논리학의 한 영역으로 간주되었다. 현대 언어학의 근간을 이루고 있는 언어 기호체계의 자의성과 도상성에 관한 논쟁 그리고 문법범주의 기원은 그리스 철학자들에게서 찾을 수 있다. 따라서 현대 언어학 이론의 정립 과정과 언어 연구 방법론의 이해와 발전을 위해서는 그리스 철학자들의 언어 본질에 대한 생각과 그들의 언어철학에 대한 연구는 필수적이다. 이런 취지에서 본 논문에서는 그리스 철학자들의 언어관과 이들의 언어철학이 문법범주의 기원과 발전에 미친 영향을 역사적으로 고찰한다. 특히 플라톤이 언어의 도상성을 주창한 선구자이며 아리스토텔레스와 소크라테스는 언어의 자의성을 옹호하는 선구자임을 밝힌다. 또한 플라톤이 명사와 동사라는 범주를 분류했고, 아리스토텔레스가 포괄적 범주로서의 접속사를 첨가했으며, 이후 스토아 학자들이 관사와 부사를 새로운 문법범주로 분류하여 현대 문법범주 체계의 기틀을 마련했음을 보인다.
Abstract
It has been said that linguistics originated from Greek philosophers while they were looking into linguistic phenomena to support their views on such philosophical issues as the origin of language. Consequently, it seems imperative to investigate the philosophers' thoughts on language and their contributions to linguistics to better understand foundations of modern linguistic theories and develop them further. Given this, this paper aims to investigate the birth of debate over the iconicity and arbitrariness of language and its subsequent developments and trace back the developments of grammatical categories to their origin. It is shown that Plato first mentioned the concept of iconicity in his favor that passed down to modern cognitive and functional linguistics by Jakobson(1965), who clarified and supported Plato's concept. Then, the concept of arbitrariness came from Aristotle and Socrates that the representative structural linguist Saussure and the founder of generative grammar Chomsky adopted. As for the life of the grammatical category, it can be described as follows: Aristotle added the conjunction to Plato's noun and verb system, which is a cover term for prepositions, articles, and pronouns in a modern sense; Stoics then expanded this tripartite system into six-category system by dividing nouns into common nouns and proper nouns and recognizing articles and adverbs as independent categories; Aristarchus finally established the first version of classical eight- part-of-speech system by modifying the Stoic system in such a way that he classified prepositions and participles as independent grammatical categories.
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